Brazilian norms and effects of age and education on the Hayling and Trail Making Tests

Zimmermann, Nicolle; Cardoso, Caroline de Oliveira; Kristensen, Christian Haag; Fonseca, Róchele Paz

doi:10.1590/2237-6089-2016-0082

Cited by 20 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Adequate normative data are needed not only for older adults but also for middle‐aged people who can experience various neurological disorders including early‐onset dementia, multiple sclerosis, stroke or brain injury. Even though numerous normative data for people aged 45 and over have been published, most of them presented a small number of participants in that age category . Moreover, some studies lacked stratification on age and education or relied on very large age categories (i.e.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Norms for standard neuropsychological tests from the French CONSTANCES cohort

Ouvrard

Berr

Meillon

et al. 2019

Euro J of Neurology

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Background and purpose Neuropsychological testing plays a key role in various clinical contexts. Even though a substantial number of adults suffer neurological disorders such as early‐onset dementia, stroke, traumatic brain injury or multiple sclerosis, most normative data do not include persons below 65. The aim of this study was to produce updated norms for the Mini‐Mental State Examination, the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test, the Trail Making Test, verbal fluency tasks and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test for middle‐aged and older adults. Methods The sample consisted of 51 879 participants aged 45–70 years from the CONSTANCES study. Norms are presented in percentiles stratified on age, education and gender. Results The results illustrated the effect of age in all tests considered. For tests involving speed processing, the impact of age was observed including in tight age range categories (5 years). The results also showed the well‐known effect of education and an effect of gender in tests involving verbal memory and speed processing. Conclusions The norms provided allow the variability of the cognitive performances of middle‐aged to older populations to be understood, with a high precision in age categories. The tests considered are broadly used in neuropsychological practice and should be helpful in a variety of clinical contexts.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, some studies lacked stratification on age and education or relied on very large age categories (i.e. 20 years) . Such studies may have too many methodological limitations to properly address the inter‐individual variability of cognitive performance in the elderly but also the middle‐aged population.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Norms for standard neuropsychological tests from the French CONSTANCES cohort

Ouvrard

Berr

Meillon

et al. 2019

Euro J of Neurology

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show abstract

“…Therefore, it is important to have references for different population profiles. Other studies 22,23 confirmed the strong influence of age and education on results, also contributing to normative data.…”

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confidence: 52%

Normative data for middle-aged Brazilians in Verbal Fluency (animals and FAS), Trail Making Test (TMT) and Clock Drawing Test (CDT)

Carvalho¹,

Caramelli

2020

Dement. neuropsychol.

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Normative studies of neuropsychological tests were performed in Brazil in recent years. However, additional data are needed because of the heterogeneity of education of the Brazilian population. Objective: The present study provides normative data of executive function tests for middle-aged Brazilians and investigates the influence of age, sex, education and intelligence quotient (IQ) on performance in these tests. Methods: A total of 120 healthy staff and caregivers from a hospital were randomly selected and submitted to Fluency – animals and FAS, Trail Making Test (TMT) and Clock Drawing Test (CDT). They were divided into six groups of 20: two groups for age (45-54 and 55-64 years) and three groups for years of schooling (4-7; 8-11; 12+ years). Results: Normative data are presented in mean values and percentiles. Education influenced differences in the tests, except the CDT. Post hoc analyses revealed differences between the three educational levels on the TMT and FAS. Age differences emerged on the TMT and fluency letter F. Moderate correlation was found between schooling and results on TMT and Fluency. The correlations for IQ were similar. Conclusion: This study provides normative data for middle-aged Brazilians with four or more years of schooling in frequently used cognitive tests to assess executive functions. The results confirm the strong influence of education, even in the comparison between middle and higher levels.

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“…Executive functioning was tested with the frontal assessment battery (FAB) 22 that evaluates aspects such as conceptualization, attention, mental flexibility, programming, sensitivity to interference and inhibitory control. Verbal phonemic verbal fluency (F.A.S) 23 was used to assess generativity and the Stroop and the Hayling tests to assess inhibitory control 24 …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Verbal phonemic verbal fluency (F.A.S) 23 was used to assess generativity and the Stroop and the Hayling tests to assess inhibitory control. 24 The short version of the Social and Emotional Assessment (Mini-SEA) was used to assess social cognition. 25 The Mini-SEA is composed by the Theory of Mind test, in which participants need to identify socially inappropriate aspects (also called Faux pas) of 10 stories and the Facial Emotion Recognition Test.…”

Section: Cognitive Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Different patterns of gray matter atrophy in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia with and without episodic memory impairment

Resende

Hornberger

Guimarães

et al. 2021

Int J Geriat Psychiatry

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Background Differentiating patients with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) from Alzheimer's disease (AD) is important as these two conditions have distinct treatment and prognosis. Using episodic impairment and medial temporal lobe atrophy as a tool to make this distinction has been debatable in the recent literature, as some patients with bvFTD can also have episodic memory impairment and medial temporal lobe atrophy early in the disease. Objectives To compare brain atrophy patterns of patients with bvFTD with and without episodic memory impairment to that of patients with AD. Methods We analyzed 19 patients with bvFTD, 21 with AD and 21 controls, matched by age, sex, and years of education. They underwent brain MRI and the memory test from the Brief Cognitive Battery (BCB) to assess episodic memory. We then categorized the bvFTD group into amnestic (BCB delayed recall score <7) and non‐amnestic. Results The amnestic bvFTD group (n = 8) had significant gray matter atrophy in the left parahippocampal gyrus, right cingulate and precuneus regions compared with the nonamnestic group. Compared with AD, amnestic bvFTD had more atrophy in the left fusiform cortex, left insula, left inferior temporal gyrus and right temporal pole, whereas patients with AD had more atrophy in the left hippocampus, left frontal pole and left angular gyrus. Conclusions There is a group of amnestic bvFTD patients with episodic memory dysfunction and significant atrophy in medial temporal structures, which poses a challenge in considering only these features when differentiating bvFTD from AD clinically.

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Brazilian norms and effects of age and education on the Hayling and Trail Making Tests

Cited by 20 publications

References 25 publications

Norms for standard neuropsychological tests from the French CONSTANCES cohort

Norms for standard neuropsychological tests from the French CONSTANCES cohort

Normative data for middle-aged Brazilians in Verbal Fluency (animals and FAS), Trail Making Test (TMT) and Clock Drawing Test (CDT)

Different patterns of gray matter atrophy in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia with and without episodic memory impairment

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