Morpho-anatomical effects of sodium azide and nitrous acid on Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai (Cucurbitaceae) and Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae)

Abstract

-(Morpho-anatomical effects of sodium azide and nitrous acid on Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai (Cucurbitaceae) and Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae) ). Chemical mutagens (e.g. sodium azide and nitrous acid) are important tools in crop improvements because they produce resistance against pathogens in crops to improve their yield and quality traits. This study investigates the morphological and anatomical effects of sodium azide and nitrous acid on Citrullus lanatus and Moringa olefeira at various concentrations (1 mM, 2 mM, 3 mM and 4 mM) for 4 hours, and planted in plastic pots for 12 weeks observations. Results showed that sodium azide and nitrous acid have differential infl uenced on morphological features (stem height, leaf number and root length) in C. lanatus and M. olefeira respectively. Anatomical features (stomatal density, index and size) are more infl uenced by the sodium azide-treated plants in both plants than in the nitrous acid-treated plants. Both mutagens are more effective in the two plants than the control. Keywords: chemical mutagens, leaf, leaf anatomy, morphology, root, stem RESUMO -(Efeitos morfo-anatômicos da azida sódica e ácido nitroso em Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai (Cucurbitaceae) e Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae)). Os agentes mutagénicos químicos (por exemplo, azida de sódio e ácido nitroso) são ferramentas importantes na melhoria das culturas porque produzem resistência contra patogénios nas culturas para melhorar as suas características de rendimento e qualidade. Este estudo investiga os efeitos morfológicos e anatômicos da azida sódica e do ácido nitroso em Citrullus lanatus e Moringa olefeira em várias concentrações (1 mM, 2 mM, 3 mM e 4 mM) por 4 horas, e plantados em vasos plásticos para observações de 12 semanas. Os resultados mostraram que a azida sódica e o ácido nitroso têm infl uência diferencial nas características morfológicas (altura do caule, número de folhas e comprimento da raiz) em C. lanatus e M. olefeira, respectivamente. Características anatômicas (densidade, índice e tamanho dos estômatos) são mais infl uenciadas pelas plantas tratadas com azida de sódio em ambas as plantas do que nas plantas tratadas com ácido nitroso. Ambos os mutagênicos são mais efi cazes nas duas plantas que o controle.

Anatomical Study of Moringa Leaf (Moringa Oleifera Lam.) Under Iron Fertilization

“…present on the lower epidermis only) but with this study it was recorded that stomatoes were found on the upper epidermis as well but with a low number. The type of guard cells were kidney shape, the stomatal complex was anomocytic and sometimes tetracytic or anisocytic as mentioned by (AbdulRahaman et al, 2018). In this present study, in addition to the previously mentioned criteria, Actinocytic was recorded.…”

“…The increase in cells volume could be due to increasing the activity of H + -ATPase enzyme of the plasma membrane in leaves leading to swell of guard cells by influx of K + or Na + and subsequently increase the cell volume (Kim et al, 2015). The same finding was mentioned by (AbdulRahaman et al, 2018) with Moringa plants subjected to Sodium azide and nitrous acid treatment. They attributed the increase of stomatoes volume to the increase of guard cell volume, this increment caused an increase in chloroplast or plastids in the guard cells leading to contain a large quantity of chlorophyll increasing ATP and active sugars.…”

“…of Iron gave the lowest number 172 cells (Table 4). (AbdulRahaman et al, 2018) found an increase number of hairs on the lower epidermis in contrast to the upper epidermis where there was a reduction in the number of hairs, it is believed that the number of hairs is highly related with the stomatal presenceand temperature. The study of (Agamy, 2004;Abbas, 2013;El-Desouky, 2017) could explains the increment in the number and length of cells of normal epidermal cells, stomatoes and hairs.…”

“…They noticed an increase in the tissues of stem and phloem thickness and dimensions of vessels. The second study being conducted by (AbdulRahaman et al, 2018) with three plants species included Moringa as affected by sodium azide and nitrous acid. Due to lack of information concerning Moringa plant where it is recently introduced to Iraq and due to its importance, work was conducted using mineral-and nano-Iron added either soil or foliar application.…”

Nano and submicron fluorescent polystyrene particles internalization and translocation in seedlings ofCichorium endiviaL.

“…These concentrations were always lower than those indicated in toxicological studies in plants. 41,42…”