Ten Years Assessment of Shifting Cultivation on Land Cover and Carbon Storage in Timor Island, Indonesia

Abstract

The practice of shifting cultivation has led to forest degradation and deforestation in the Sisimeni Sanam Forest Area, with Special Purpose (SSFAwSP). Therefore, this study aims to assess land cover and carbon storage changes of the practiced shifting cultivation in SSFAwSP over the last ten years using 2013, 2016, and 2021 Landsat imagery. A hybrid classification approach that combines the forest canopy density model and supervised classification of maximum likelihood was used to create land cover maps to detect changes in forest land cover and carbon storage. The results showed that for ten years, the extent and annual rates of deforestation, forest degradation, forest regrowth, and changes in carbon storage were 662.62 ha (4%), 319.18 ha (3%), 163.8 ha (1%), and -54.51 kilo Ton C (3%), respectively. This finding indicated that shifting cultivation contributed only 10% and 1% of total deforestation and forest degradation, respectively.

Enhancing land cover and carbon storage through rehabilitation of degraded lands into Wono: a case study of a small-scale private forest in Dengok Village, Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia (1972-2021)

“…Forest certification in community forests allows farmers to sell wood forest products at higher rates to plant additional timber crops. Therefore, community forest certification is capable of dealing with deforestation and degradation issues, which can expand productive areas and enhance land cover (Malek et al, 2022;Sadono et al, 2022). It provides opportunities to manage forests under responsible, sustainable management standards that consider ecological, economic, and social factors (Lewin et al, 2019;Tian et al, 2021;Zubizarreta et al, 2021).…”

“…The geographical data were analysed to obtain information on land cover change and density to calculate the amount of carbon stored (Figure 2). The Forest Canopy Density (FCD) approach was used to classify satellite photos from 1993, 2000, and 2008, as well as a modified FCD method for 2014 and 2021 images (Rikimaru et al, 2002;Sadono et al, 2020;Kusuma et al, 2022). 5108 1972, 1982, 1993, 2000, 2008, 2014, and 2021.…”

“…In 2021, the kappa accuracy score was 87%, indicating that the land cover interpretation was applied (Islami et al, 2021). Carbon storage data based on land use and land cover area was employed to compute carbon storage using land cover classes (Tosiani, 2015;Sadono et al, 2022).…”

“…According to Askar et al (2018), the government of Indonesia employed community forests to cut carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by 26% in 2030. As previously mentioned, a commitment was made to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 26% through domestic efforts or by 41% with the assistance of the international community in 2020 (Sadono et al, 2022). In 2015, Indonesia agreed to an unconditional reduction of 29% and a conditional reduction of 41% of GHG emissions by 2030 (Meehan et al, 2019).…”

Enhancing the estimation accuracy of above-ground carbon storage in Eucalyptus urophylla plantation on Timor Island, Indonesia, through higher spatial-resolution satellite imagery

“…The application of these estimates to larger scales is facilitated by the integration of remote sensing imagery using the forest canopy density (FCD) method (Sadono et al, 2020b). Kusuma et al (2022) used Landsat 8 OLI imagery to assess the carbon storage in the Sisimeni Sanam Forest Area with Special Purpose on Timor Island, Indonesia, from 2013 to 2021, with a modified FCD method. Moreover, the FCD method could be used to estimate tree density and carbon storage, as evidenced by the findings in agroforestry land in East Kalimantan (Hartoyo et al, 2019) and secondary peat swamp forest in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia (Sukarna et al, 2021).…”