Expression of cytokines in gingival crevicular fluid associated with tooth movement induced by aligners: a pilot study

Abstract

Introduction: The search for more aesthetic and comfortable orthodontic devices has led to an increase in the use of clear aligners. Objective: To increase knowledge on biological mechanisms of orthodontic tooth movement using Invisalign aligners. Methods: This study included 11 patients with a mean age of 23.6 ± 4.8 years. Cases planning included alignment and leveling of lower incisors using Invisalign aligners. Gingival crevicular fluid samples were collected from the lower incisors on the day of delivery of aligner number 1 (T0) and after 1 (T24h), 7 (T7d), and 21 (T21d) days. During the observation period of the study, the patients used only the aligner number 1. Levels of nine cytokines were quantified using Luminex’s multi-analysis technology. Non-parametric tests were used for comparisons between cytokine expression levels over time. Results: Cytokine expression levels remained constant after 21 days of orthodontic activation, except those of MIP-1β, which presented a statistical difference between T24h and T21d with a decrease in the concentration levels. IL-8, GM-CSF, IL-1β, MIP-1β, and TNF-α showed the highest concentrations over time. Conclusions: The different behavior in the levels of the investigated cytokines indicates a role of these biomarkers in the tissue remodeling induced by Invisalign.

INTERLEUKIN-1β LEVELS IN THE HUMAN GINGIVAL SULCUS: RATES AND FACTORS AFFECTING ITS LEVELS IN HEALTHY SUBJECTS

“…Lower interleukin 1β (IL-1β) values were found as the mean interleukin 1β (IL-1β) was 0.0013 mg/ml=13 pg/ml 33 . Also in the current study, the mean±SD for IL-1β was slightly higher than that reported from Brazil by Chamil et al, where the mean±SD for IL-1β concentration in GCF was-15.2±10.03 pg/ml 34 . The difference in interleukin-1β levels in the previous study may be due to genetic factors or the presence of unnoticed periodontitis disease among the study participants in Kaya et al, study (72.14±22.1 pg/ml) 35 .…”

“…The difference in interleukin-1β levels in the previous study may be due to genetic factors or the presence of unnoticed periodontitis disease among the study participants in Kaya et al, study (72.14±22.1 pg/ml) 35 . Determination of the normal level of IL-1 β in GCF can be used to detect periodontal disease if there is a significant elevation of IL-1 β in GCF; Because the critical problem in periodontal disease is the lack of any reliable criteria for determining the extent of disease activity or the rate of disease progression at a given time 34,36 . The radiographic profile of the alveolar bone does not provide accurate diagnostic aids 35 and it is believed that there is a strong local mediator of tissue destruction associated with inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis 37 .…”

Comparison of TNF-α and IL-1β Concentrations in Gingival Crevicular Fluid During Early Alignment Stage of Orthodontic Treatment in Adults and Adolescents

“…According to the previous results, IL-1 and TNF-α concentrations reach a maximum value in the initial 24-hour time interval [23]. Other authors also report a similar increase in TNFα in the initial 24-hour time interval vs. baseline [24,25]. It was also revealed that concentration of TNF-α in force area was higher than the control side [26].…”

Levels of Myeloperoxidase and Metalloproteinase-9 in Gingival Crevicular Fluid from Diabetic Subjects with and without Stage 2, Grade B Periodontitis

“…All data were collected through a Luminex platform (MAGPIX, Millipore, St Charles, MO, USA) and analyzed with MILLIPLEX analyst software (ViageneTech, Carlisle, MA, USA). Results were expressed per ml of elution [25–27].…”