Evaluation of long-term stability of mesiodistal axial inclinations of maxillary molars through panoramic radiographs in subjects treated with Pendulum appliance

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate the stability of mesiodistal inclination of maxillary molars produced by a pendulum appliance, five years after completion of orthodontic treatment. Angulation changes were compared to an untreated sample. Methods: The sample consisted of 20 patients (14 females and 6 males) with Class II, Division 1 malocclusion that was treated through molar distalization with a pendulum appliance followed by cervical headgear and full fixed appliances. Maxillary molar inclination was evaluated through panoramic radiograph. The mean age at pretreatment was 14.3 ± 1.6 years, whereas at immediate post-treatment it was 18.6 ± 1.8 years, and at long-term post-treatment it was 23.8 ± 2.0 years. A control group of 16 untreated individuals with untreated normocclusion ranging in age from 12 to 17 years old were used as comparison group. Data were statistically analyzed with independent t-tests and ANOVA test followed by Tukey post-hoc tests. Results: Statistically significant differences were found between T1(94.50) and T2 (98.80) as well as between T2 and T3 (94.70) for maxillary first molars. Maxillary second molars did not show any statistically significant positional changes during the evaluated time periods T1 (107.50), T2 (109.30) and T3 (106.90). Conclusion: Although maxillary first molars underwent distal crown inclination immediately after treatment, approximately five years thereafter their roots tended to upright close to the pretreatment positions.

Stability of class II treatment with Pendulum and Jones jig followed by fixed appliances

“…If the main objective was the evaluation of treatment changes, the use of a control group would be essential; however, to assess the long‐term post‐treatment changes, after 18 years of age, the absence of a control group does not compromise the results, since subsequent growth is minimum. Other studies evaluating molar movements after treatment with Pendulum and fixed appliances also did not include a control group 23,24 …”

“…The effectiveness of the Pendulum and Jones jig appliances in the correction of the Class II molar relationship has been previously reported 12,16‐21 . However, few studies evaluated the stability of the Class II correction using intraoral distalizers 22‐24 . Caprioglio et al 23 evaluated 7 years post‐treatment stability following Pendulum and fixed appliance therapy and found no relapse of maxillary distalization in the post‐retention period.…”

“…Caprioglio et al 23 evaluated 7 years post‐treatment stability following Pendulum and fixed appliance therapy and found no relapse of maxillary distalization in the post‐retention period. Rocha et al 24 evaluated the stability of molar inclination after Pendulum appliance therapy, headgear and fixed appliances, and the results showed that the maxillary first molars presented distal inclination of the crown just after treatment. Alessio Junior et al 22 found that Pendulum treatment for Class II correction showed greater transverse stability.…”

“…12,[16][17][18][19][20][21] However, few studies evaluated the stability of the Class II correction using intraoral distalizers. [22][23][24] Caprioglio et al 23 evaluated 7 years post-treatment stability following Pendulum and fixed appliance therapy and found no relapse of maxillary distalization in the post-retention period. Rocha et al 24 evaluated the stability of molar inclination after Pendulum appliance therapy, headgear and fixed appliances, and the results showed that the maxillary first molars presented distal inclination of the crown just after treatment.…”

Estimation of three-dimensional long axes of the maxillary and mandibular first molars with regression analysis

“…Panoramic radiographs are normally used to estimate the two-dimensional long axis of teeth (Shroff 2001;Owensa and Johalb 2008;Rocha et al 2016;Garcia-Figueroa et al 2008). With the recent demand for high-precision dental treatment such as dental implants, extraction of impacted teeth, and orthodontic treatment, CBCT has become increasingly important in determining the three-dimensional condition of teeth and bones, including estimation of the threedimensional tooth axis (Lee et al 2015;Peck et al 2007;Bouwens et al 2011).…”