Structural development of the fruits and seeds in three mistletoe species of Phoradendron (Visceae: Santalaceae)

Polli, Anderson; Souza, Luiz Antônio de; Almeida, Odair José Garcia de

doi:10.1590/2175-7860201667309

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 25 publications

(28 reference statements)

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“…They present a well evident orange color during the ripening process from the distal portion to the proximal portion of the diaspore ( Figure 3A). Recent studies conducted by Polli et al (2016) suggest a new terminology for fruits from the Phoradendron genus, denominated viscid-type pomaceous fruit. It presents a false seed, which is constituted by endosperm (EM), embryo (EN) in the axial position in a continuous format and chlorophyllaceous hypocotyl-radicle axis (HT) ( Figure 3B).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphometry and Germination of Passovia pyrifolia, Struthanthus marginatus and Phoradendron mucronatum Diaspores

et al. 2018

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-The goal of this work was to characterize morphometrically diaspores from three species of mistletoes (Passovia pyrifolia, Struthanthus marginatus e Phoradendron mucronatum), as well as to study its germination behavior according to temperature and luminosity. In germination tests, the completely randomized design was used, in factor scheme 4 x 2, with 4 replications of 15 diaspores. The factors for the first test were different temperatures and two diaspore conditions (intact and without epicarp). In the second test, factors were different light qualities and two diaspore conditions. The analyzed variables were: germination percentage, germination rate index (GRI) and mean germination time (MGT). Mistletoe's diaspores present an elliptic shape with viscin layer, an essential characteristic for the dispersion of the species. In addition to this, they present a distinction as for the moisture content when compared to the Loranthaceae and Viscaceae, where the latter presents the highest content. Germination is greater at the alternated temperature of 20-30 o C for P. pyrifolia and P. mucronatum diaspores and 20 o C for S. marginatus. Luminosity interfered in the germination of P. mucronatum and S. marginatus but did not influence P. pyrifolia. The diaspore condition influenced the germination of the three studied species, observing a significant increase in their germination when the epicarp was removed. Temperature and luminosity interfere directly in the GRI and MGT of the three mistletoes species.Keywords: mistletoes, temperature, luminosity. RESUMO -O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar morfometricamente diásporos de três espécies de ervas-de-passarinho (Passovia pyrifolia, Struthanthus marginatus e Phoradendron mucronatum), bem como estudar o seu comportamento germinativo em função de temperatura e luminosidade. Nos ensaios de germinação utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 4 x 2, com 4 repetições de 15 diásporos. Os fatores para o primeiro ensaio foram diferentes temperaturas e duas condições do diásporo (intacto e sem epicarpo). No segundo ensaio, os fatores foram diferentes qualidades de luz e duas condições do diásporo. As variáveis analisadas foram: porcentagem de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG) e tempo médio de germinação (TMG). Os diásporos de ervas

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphometry and Germination of Passovia pyrifolia, Struthanthus marginatus and Phoradendron mucronatum Diaspores

et al. 2018

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“…Mature P. calyculatus seed ( Figure 1 A,K) shows the typical berry structure: pulp or exocarp covered with a cuticle layer, mucilaginous mesocarp, endocarp, and chlorophyllous embryo with visible polycotyledonous structure that includes a hypocotyl [ 62 , 63 ]. Frugivorous birds deposit seed free of exocarp on host branches, where they remain glued onto the bark by viscin secretion from the mesocarp ( Figure 1 B,G).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protein Profiling of Psittacanthus calyculatus during Mesquite Infection

Aguilar-Venegas

Quintana-Rodríguez²,

Aguilar-Hernández³

et al. 2023

Plants

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Psittacanthus calyculatus is a hemiparasite mistletoe that represents an ecological problem due to the impacts caused to various tree species of ecological and commercial interest. Although the life cycle for the Psittacanthus genus is well established in the literature, the development stages and molecular mechanism implicated in P. calyculatus host infection are poorly understood. In this study, we used a manageable infestation of P. laevigata with P. calyculatus to clearly trace the infection, which allowed us to describe five phenological infective stages of mistletoe on host tree branches: mature seed (T1), holdfast formation (T2), haustorium activation (T3), haustorium penetration (T4), and haustorium connection (T5) with the host tree. Proteomic analyses revealed proteins with a different accumulation and cellular processes in infective stages. Activities of the cell wall-degrading enzymes cellulase and β-1,4-glucosidase were primarily active in haustorium development (T3), while xylanase, endo-glucanase, and peptidase were highly active in the haustorium penetration and xylem connection (T4). Patterns of auxins and cytokinin showed spatial concentrations in infective stages and moreover were involved in haustorium development. These results are the first evidence of proteins, cell wall-degrading enzymes, and phytohormones that are involved in early infection for the Psittacanthus genus, and thus represent a general infection mechanism for other mistletoe species. These results could help to understand the molecular dialogue in the establishment of P. calyculatus parasitism.

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“…Reduction of integuments occurs independently in different groups. They have been described in mycoheterotrophic species of Gentianales (Gentianaceae), parasite species of Santalales (Balanophoraceae, Loranthaceae, Olacaeae, and Santalaceae), and in a photosynthetic species of Aquifoliales (Cardiopteridaceae) (Maas and Ruyters, 1986; Bouman et al, 2002; Brown et al, 2010; Polli et al, 2016; Sato and Maria Gonzalez, 2016; Suaza-Gaviria et al, 2016; Tobe, 2016; Gonzalez et al, 2019). Molecular studies show that in ategmic ovules of Santalales, the genes associated with the expression of the integument are expressed in the periphery of the ovary, and that the reduction found in these species is the result of the fusion between the integument and the nucellus (Brown et al, 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First Record of Ategmic Ovules in Orchidaceae Offers New Insights Into Mycoheterotrophic Plants

et al. 2019

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The number of integuments found in angiosperm ovules is variable. In orchids, most species show bitegmic ovules, except for some mycoheterotrophic species that show ovules with only one integument. Analysis of ovules and the development of the seed coat provide important information regarding functional aspects such as dispersal and seed germination. This study aimed to analyze the origin and development of the seed coat of the mycoheterotrophic orchid Pogoniopsis schenckii and to compare this development with that of other photosynthetic species of the family. Flowers and fruits at different stages of development were collected, and the usual methodology for performing anatomical studies, scanning microscopy, and transmission microscopy following established protocols. P. schenckii have ategmic ovules, while the other species are bitegmic. No evidence of integument formation at any stage of development was found through anatomical studies. The reduction of integuments found in the ovules could facilitate fertilization in this species. The seeds of P. schenckii, Vanilla planifolia, and V. palmarum have hard seed coats, while the other species have seed coats formed by the testa alone, making them thin and transparent. P. schenckii, in contrast to the other species analyzed, has a seed coat that originates from the nucellar epidermis, while in other species, the seed coat originates from the outer integument.

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Structural development of the fruits and seeds in three mistletoe species of Phoradendron (Visceae: Santalaceae)

Cited by 10 publications

References 25 publications

Morphometry and Germination of Passovia pyrifolia, Struthanthus marginatus and Phoradendron mucronatum Diaspores

Morphometry and Germination of Passovia pyrifolia, Struthanthus marginatus and Phoradendron mucronatum Diaspores

Protein Profiling of Psittacanthus calyculatus during Mesquite Infection

First Record of Ategmic Ovules in Orchidaceae Offers New Insights Into Mycoheterotrophic Plants

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