Field performance of hermaphrodite papaya plants obtained through molecular selection and micropropagation

Valverde, E.; Arias, Antonio Bogantes; Sanjuán, Andrea Holst; Mora, Cristian Vargas; Alpízar, L.; Angulo, Arturo Brenes; Barrantes, Elodia María Sánchez; Chavarría, Max; Barboza-Barquero, Luis

doi:10.1590/1984-70332019v19n4a59

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Papaya fruits have different shapes as sex forms, including male, female, and hermaphrodite. Markets prefer the hermaphrodite fruit shape, which tends to be pear-shaped or elongated (Araya-Valverde et al ., 2019; Salinas et al, 2019). In our result, the ratio of length to width of ‘Tainung No.2’ was an average of 2.4 during the entire ripening stage (Table 1), which is consistent with the variety’s general shape as hermaphroditic type (Kung et al ., 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial and compositional variations in fruit characteristics of papaya (Carica papayacv. Tainung No. 2) during ripening

Chung¹,

Kim²,

Kim³

2023

Preprint

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Papaya fruit (Carica papaya) has different degrees of ripening within a fruit, affecting its commercial market value. The fruit characteristics of 'Tainung No. 2' papaya was investigated at the stem-end, middle, and calyx-end parts at three ripening stages and categorized based on fruit skin coloration: unripe at ca. 16 weeks after anthesis (WAA), half-ripe at ca. 18 WAA, and full-ripe at ca. 20 WAA. The fruits maintained an elliptical shape during ripening with 2.36 of the ratios of the length to the width. The peel and pulp color changed from green to white to yellow during ripening, regardless of the fruit three parts. In the pulp, soluble solid content increased to about 320% and firmness decreased to about 99% during ripening but did not differ among fruit three parts. Individual nutrient contents, including primary and secondary metabolites, and minerals, changed dynamically between the ripening stages and fruit parts. Total carbohydrates and proteins, N, and K, were more accumulated at the stem-end during ripening, meanwhile fructose, glucose, Mg, and Mn were at the calyx-end. In the principal component analysis, ripening stages and fruit parts were distinctly determined by the first and second principal components, respectively. These results provide fundamental information for improving ripening during papaya cultivation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial and compositional variations in fruit characteristics of papaya (Carica papayacv. Tainung No. 2) during ripening

Chung¹,

Kim²,

Kim³

2023

Preprint

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“…These findings agree with Aspeitia-Echegaray et al ( 2014) and Ruíz Ruíz et al (2017). Although the W11 marker is specific to hermaphrodites and males since their DNA sequence corresponds to HSY and MSY sex-determining region (Deputy et al 2002), some authors have reported more than 98% of the prediction rate (Deputy et al 2002, Saalau-Rojas et al 2009, Araya-Valverde et al 2019. On the other hand, we tried the performance of the W11 marker as suitable for papaya var.…”

Section: Jg áVila-hernández Et Almentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although both hermaphrodite and female plants produce fruits, consumers must prefer hermaphrodites because of their elongated shape and great pulp content (del Carmen et al 2012). Strategies to sow only hermaphrodites encompass in vitro micropropagation (Araya-Valverde et al 2019, Fitch et al 2022 and grafting of lateral shoot scions of hermaphrodite plants to female seedlings (Chong et al 2008). The molecular sex determination approach has been implemented to save time, money, and resources compared to conventional sexing during the vegetative stages.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Leaves or seed samples are used for DNA extraction, and specific molecular markers for PCR analysis permit selection of hermaphrodite plants that improve the yields to growers. According to the literature, molecular sexing offers more than 99% accuracy from PCR results and flower morphology, making it a reliable tool for these purposes (Deputy et al 2002, Saalau-Rojas et al 2009, Aspeitia-Echegaray et al 2014, Ruíz Ruíz et al 2017, Araya-Valverde et al 2019, Duarte et al 2020. Molecular sexing based on molecular markers has been used for sex selection in commercial crops like date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.), asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.), and kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis var.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sex determination of papaya var. ‘Maradol’ reveals hermaphrodite-to-male sex reversal under greenhouse conditions

Ávila-Hernández,

Camas-Reyes,

Martinez-Antonio

2023

Crop Breed. Appl. Biotechnol.

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Papaya is a nutritious fruit cultivated worldwide under suitable climate conditions. This plant is polygamous, bearing female, male, and hermaphrodite sex types determined by sex chromosomes XX, XY, and XY h , respectively. In this paper, a molecular sex determination of papaya var. 'Maradol' was carried out based on PCR and specific primers. Specific molecular markers resulted in sixty-nine hermaphrodites and twenty-one female plants, matching 100% to the flower morphology. Nevertheless, since the summer stressing conditions rose in the greenhouse, sex reversal to male phenotype was observed in 43% of hermaphrodite plants due to high-temperature conditions. A specific male marker could not detect that change, supporting the proposal that sex reversal is caused by harsh environmental conditions aimed at epigenetic modification and genes related to hormones. Our study demonstrates the effectiveness of molecular sex determination and the importance of controlling the growing requirements of papaya to avoid sex reversal.

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“…Unfortunately, transgenic papaya line 16-0-1 and other CP-transgenic lines developed in Taiwan are all females [ 17 , 18 , 19 ] and not practically useful because they need pollination from male flowers to set fruits. In contrast to pear-shaped hermaphrodite fruits, female fruits are round, less sweet, thin-fleshed, and have a large cavity with many seeds; therefore, consumers do not prefer them, and they are not acceptable to growers [ 20 , 21 ]. Incorporating the transgenic resistance of 16-0-1 [ 16 , 17 , 18 ] by breeding to generate a hermaphrodite papaya of Taiwan’s most popular hybrid cultivar TN-2 to meet the market and plantation demands becomes a priority.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mapping the CP-Transgene Insert in the Papaya Genome and Developing a Hermaphrodite Transgenic Hybrid with Broad-Spectrum Resistance to Papaya Ringspot Virus

Yeh,

Lin,

Tseng

et al. 2024

Viruses

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Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) limits papaya production worldwide. Previously, we generated transgenic lines of hybrid Tainung No.2 (TN-2) carrying the coat protein (CP) gene of PRSV with broad resistance to PRSV strains. Unfortunately, all of them were female, unacceptable for growers and consumers in practical applications. With our reported flanking sequences and the newly released papaya genomic information, the CP-transgene insert was identified at a non-coding region in chromosome 3 of the papaya genome, and the flanking sequences were verified and extended. The female transgenic line 16-0-1 was first used for backcrossing with the parental Sunrise cultivar six times and then followed by selfing three times. With multi-level molecular markers developed from the PRSV CP transgene and the genomic flanking sequences, the presence and zygosity of the CP transgene were characterized at the seedling stage. Meanwhile, hermaphrodite genotype was identified by a sex-linked marker. With homozygotic transgene and horticultural properties of Sunrise, a selected hermaphrodite individual was propagated by tissue culture (TC) and used as maternal progenitor to cross with non-transgenic parental cultivar Thailand to generate a new hybrid cultivar TN-2 with a hemizygotic CP-transgene. Three selected hermaphrodite individuals of transgenic TN were micropropagated by TC, and they showed broad-spectrum resistance to different PRSV strains from Taiwan, Hawaii, Thailand, and Mexico under greenhouse conditions. The selected clone TN-2 #1, with excellent horticultural traits, also showed complete resistance to PRSV under field conditions. These selected TC clones of hermaphrodite transgenic TN-2 provide a novel cultivation system in Taiwan and elsewhere.

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Field performance of hermaphrodite papaya plants obtained through molecular selection and micropropagation

Cited by 6 publications

References 16 publications

Spatial and compositional variations in fruit characteristics of papaya (Carica papayacv. Tainung No. 2) during ripening

Spatial and compositional variations in fruit characteristics of papaya (Carica papayacv. Tainung No. 2) during ripening

Sex determination of papaya var. ‘Maradol’ reveals hermaphrodite-to-male sex reversal under greenhouse conditions

Mapping the CP-Transgene Insert in the Papaya Genome and Developing a Hermaphrodite Transgenic Hybrid with Broad-Spectrum Resistance to Papaya Ringspot Virus

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