Carbon Sources and C:n Ratios on Water Quality for Nile Tilapia Farming in Biofloc System

Silva, Ugo Lima; Falcon, Dario Rocha; Pessôa, Maurício Nogueira da Cruz; Correia, Eudes de Souza

doi:10.1590/1983-21252017v30n423rc

Cited by 25 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(30 reference statements)

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“…However, this is lower than values reported by Azim and Little (2008) and de Lima et al. (2018), but higher than the 5.5, 12.3 and 6.8 mg/L reported by Long, Yang, Li, Guan, and Wu (2015), Mansour and Esteban (2017) and Silva, Falcon, Da Cruz‐Pessôa, and Correia (2017) respectively. The more drop of pH in the wheat and malt flours BFT than the sugar BFT is due acidification caused by the nitrification process (Pérez‐Fuentes, Hernández‐Vergara, Pérez‐Rostroa, & Fogel, 2016).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 57%

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Effects of three carbohydrate sources on water quality, water consumption, bacterial count, growth and muscle quality of Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) in a biofloc system

et al. 2020

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This study compared the effect of three sources of carbohydrates: sugar, wheat and malt flours, on water quality, water consumption, bacterial load, growth and flesh quality of Nile tilapia. Adults (120.6 ± 0.64 g) were stocked in 1.2‐m3 fibreglass tanks at a rate of 25 fish/m3. Carbohydrates were added to the biofloc tanks at a C:N ratio of 20:1. Water flow in the non‐biofloc control tanks was adjusted to 0.6 L/day. The 105‐day experiment was conducted in triplicates. Results showed that biofloc treatments (BFT) with zero water exchange had significantly higher mean total ammonia, nitrites, nitrates, alkalinity, total suspended solids and lower pH than the control treatment. The sugar BFT had the highest floc volume. Growth parameters and feed conversion ratio did not differ significantly among treatments. However, tilapia in the malt flour and control treatments had close values. Gross fish yield was higher (p < .05) in the control than the BFT treatments. Water consumption/kg tilapia produced in the control was 42 times higher than the BFT groups. Protozoa dominated the biofloc biota, and wheat flour was the best in harbouring higher bacterial populations in the gut. Protein content and ∑n‐3 fatty acids were highest in the wheat flour biofloc, while malt flour biofloc had the highest lipids. The sugar biofloc had the highest n‐3/n‐6 ratio. Tilapia muscles in the malt flour and control treatments had the highest protein and lipid contents respectively. Tilapia muscles in the wheat flour BFT had the highest ∑n‐3 fatty acids and n‐3/n‐6 ratio. It can be concluded that farming tilapia in BFT using malt or wheat flours as carbon sources is more economical in saving great amount of water with minimal discharge of pollutants without affecting tilapia growth or flesh quality.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 57%

“…Silva et al. (2017) and Zapata‐Lovera et al (2017) reported comparable TSS of 357.7 mg/L and 236.1 mg/L to 278.8 mg/L in sugar and molasses BFT tanks respectively. However, Azim and Little (2008), Martins et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Effects of three carbohydrate sources on water quality, water consumption, bacterial count, growth and muscle quality of Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) in a biofloc system

et al. 2020

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“…Similarly, the alkalinity and hardness remained within the acceptable standards for the specie (Jin et al, 1991). The highest values of alkalinity in the 20:1 C:N ratio may be due to the low number of nitrifying bacteria, which consume much higher amounts of alkalinity (7.07 g) in nitrification processes (Chen et al, 2006;Silva et al, 2017), than heterotrophic bacteria (3.57 g) (Ebeling et al, 2006), in the production of microbial biomass for one gram of TAN, since high concentrations of carbon decrease the rate of nitrification (Ebeling et al, 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…Dissolved oxygen also varied within the ideal range for the specie (Hoff and Snell, 2004). The decrease of DO with the increase of the C:N ratio can be explained by the greater development of heterotrophic bacteria, which compete for space, nutrients and oxygen (Luo et al, 2013), and by the increase in organic matter, mainly sedimentable solids, due to the amount of the carbon source for the system (Silva et al, 2017).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

EFFECT OF THE C:N RATIO ON <i>Daphnia magna<i> (Straus, 1820) PRODUCTION USING TILAPIA FARMING WASTEWATER

et al. 2019

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The purpose of this study was to produce Daphnia magna in wastewater from Tilapia farmed in a biofloc system, to evaluate three different carbohydrate:nitrogen ratios. The experiment was conducted for 30 days following a completely randomized experimental design, with the three treatments: C:N 10:1, C:N 15:1 and C:N 20:1, all fed with Chlorella vulgaris. The physical-chemical variables of the water analyzed were: temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, TAN, NO 2 , hardness and alkalinity. The following growth variables of the Daphnia were also evaluated: Maximum average density (MAD), Maximum density day (MDD), Specific growth rate (SGR), Doubling time (DT) and yield (Y). The water quality variables remained in the range of ideal conditions for the species, presenting significant differences (p <0.05) among the treatments for: pH, DO, hardness and alkalinity. Regarding the growth variables, significant differences (p <0.05) were observed, with higher MAD, Y and SGR values for the 10:1 treatment (3,433 ± 267 ind L-1 , 245 ± 19 ind L-1 day-1 and 45.3 ± 0.6% day-1 , respectively) and lower for the 20:1 (1,011 ± 283 ind L-1 , 55 ± 15 ind L-1 day-1 and 28.3 ± 1.6% day-1 , respectively). The MDD occurred on day 12 for the 10:1 treatment and on day 18 for the 15:1 and 20:1 treatments. Alkalinity and hardness had stronger influence on the growth variables, which was also indicated by the simple linear regression. The principal component analysis (PCA), with 80% of explanation, identified high values of SGR, density and Y for the 10:1 and high values of alkalinity, hardness, DT and NO 2 for the 20:1. Thus, the use of effluent from Tilapia farming in a biofloc system with a C:N ratio of 10:1 provided better production results for D. magna, demonstrating that it is an option for the production of live feed for aquaculture.

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“…The increased population of AOB depends on the presence of ammonia and the fixing surface because AOB must be able to colonise the matrix for higher cell concentration and longer retention time. The fixing surface or matrix is a polysaccharide‐rich organic floating material, such as amaranth, wheat bran or oats that acting as a nucleator promote the biofloc formation; in this regard, it is imperative to consider the cost and the local availability of the selected nucleator/matrix (Silva et al 2017; Martínez‐Córdova et al 2018; Jia et al 2020). In natural environments and in aquaculture systems, the presence of heterotrophic bacteria promotes the formation of bioflocs that are subsequently colonised by AOB.…”

Section: Nitrificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The nitrification process for nitrogen removal in biofloc system aquaculture

Robles‐Porchas

Gollas‐Galván

Martínez‐Porchas

et al. 2020

Reviews in Aquaculture

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Aquaculture is an economic activity that faces the unavoidable problem of water quality detriment, which is mainly generated by the improper management of production ponds, including inadequate water circulation and aeration, accumulation of undigested food residues, excretion of metabolic by‐products by the cultivated organisms and other. In addition, the increase in suspended organic matter together with the presence and generation of nitrogen compounds can severely affect the physiology of the animal, leading to significant losses in production. Ammonia (NH3), nitrite (NO2) and nitrate (NO3) are toxic in different scales and environmental conditions; therefore, reducing their concentrations in the culture units has paramount relevance. In this regard, bioflocs are an efficient alternative to transform nitrogen compounds into a non‐toxic form, taking advantage of the capabilities of the microbial communities conforming them. Also, nitrogen can be harnessed and incorporated as organic nitrogen, making the biofloc a source of useful natural food for the cultivated organism. The substantial reduction in the rate of water exchange favoured by the biofloc technology (BFT) is a beneficial advantage for both the production systems and the environment, diminishing the risk of introducing pathogens into the pond in parallel with the improvement in the water quality of effluents. Ammonia oxidation is an advantage adding value to the BFT systems and is discussed in this review.

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Carbon Sources and C:n Ratios on Water Quality for Nile Tilapia Farming in Biofloc System

Cited by 25 publications

References 23 publications

Effects of three carbohydrate sources on water quality, water consumption, bacterial count, growth and muscle quality of Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) in a biofloc system

Effects of three carbohydrate sources on water quality, water consumption, bacterial count, growth and muscle quality of Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) in a biofloc system

EFFECT OF THE C:N RATIO ON <i>Daphnia magna<i> (Straus, 1820) PRODUCTION USING TILAPIA FARMING WASTEWATER

The nitrification process for nitrogen removal in biofloc system aquaculture

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