Stress-reducing and anesthetic effects of the essential oils of Aloysia triphylla and Lippia alba on Serrasalmus eigenmanni (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae)

Abstract

Anesthetic effect of Aloysia triphylla and Lippia alba essential oils (EOs) in the Amazonian fish Serrasalmus eigenmanni was evaluated. The fish were placed in aquaria containing A. triphylla or L. alba EOs (25 to 200 µL L -1 ). Then, fish were transferred to aquaria containing EO-free water to evaluate their recovery time. In another experiment, fish were transferred to aquaria containing A. triphylla or L. alba EOs (3 to 10 µL L -1 ) and swimming behavior was analyzed for up to 240 min of exposure. Water samples were collected at 0 and 240 min and blood samples were collected at 240 min. Tested concentrations induced all stages of anesthesia, except 25 µL L -1 A. triphylla EO and 50 µL L -1 L. alba EO, which only induced sedation. Prolonged exposure to both EOs reduced swimming time compared to the control at all evaluated times. The fish exposed to 3 µL L -1 A. triphylla EO showed a lower net K + efflux compared to ethanol-exposed fish; in those exposed to 5 µL L -1 , ammonia excretion was reduced. The blood parameters did not show significant differences between treatments. In conclusion, both EOs can be used as anesthetics and sedatives for transport of S. eigenmanni.Avaliou-se o efeito anestésico dos óleos essenciais de Aloysia triphylla e de Lippia alba no peixe amazônico Serrasalmus eigenmanni. Os peixes foram colocados em aquários contendo OEs de A. triphylla ou L. alba (25 a 200 µL L -1 ). Após, foram transferidos para aquários com água sem anestésicos para avaliar o tempo de recuperação. Em outro experimento, peixes foram transferidos para aquários contendo OEs de A. triphylla ou L. alba (3 a 10 µL L -1 ) e o comportamento natatório foi analisado até 240 min de exposição. Foram coletadas amostras de água em 0 e 240 min e de sangue em 240 min. As concentrações testadas induziram todos estágios de anestesia, exceto 25 µL L -1 OE de A. triphylla e 50 µL L -1 OE de L. alba, que causaram somente sedação. Exposição prolongada a ambos OEs reduziu o tempo de natação comparado ao controle. Peixes expostos a 3 µL L -1 OE de A. triphylla apresentaram menor efluxo de K + comparado aos expostos ao etanol e nos expostos a 5 µL L -1 a excreção de amônia reduziu. Parâmetros sanguíneos não diferiram entre tratamentos. Conclui-se que ambos OEs podem ser utilizados como anestésicos e no transporte de S. eigenmanni.

Acute toxicity of essential oils of Aloysia triphylla (L’Hér.) Britton, Lippia gracilis Schauer, and Piper aduncum L. in Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier, 1818)

“…A. triphylla is one of the EOs that has been widely studied in aquaculture with respect to its anesthetic activity (Santos et al, 2017;Almeida et al, 2019). For tambaqui, with the use of 150 mg L -1 of A. triphylla EO, for 4.7 minutes, the fish reached anesthetic induction, without fish mortality (Brandão et al, 2021).…”

Social behaviors as welfare indicators in teleost fish

“…Severe handling events can be also managed by sedating fish with different analgesics, but the appropriate dose is often not well established for different species. Interestingly, essential oils show anesthetic effects for transport ( 128 ), while probiotics help to increase fish health during stressful processes such as severe changes in environmental conditions ( 129 ). P. axelrodi is normally caught in small streams and later transported in plastic boxes before being exported to Europe, Asia, and North America ( 130 ).…”

Exploring CNS Effects of American Traditional Medicines using Zebrafish Models

“…is another bushy plant from South America, known for its analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, and antipyretic clinical activity [ 41 , 42 ]. The essential oils from these ATM plants have shown anesthetic effects in various fish species, such as tambaqui ( Colossoma macropomum ) and red hook piranha ( Serrasalmus eigenmanni ) [ 43 , 44 ]. Likewise, adult zebrafish acutely exposed to bushy matgrass’ (150 μL/L) or lemon verbena's (100 μL/L) essential oils exhibit an anxiolytic-like profile [ 45 ], as do zebrafish chronically fed for 210 days a diet containing lemon verbena's essential oil (2 mL/kg) [ 46 ].…”