A Participação De Instituições De Ensino Superior Privadas Na Formação Em Saúde No Brasil

Abstract

Resumo O ensino superior brasileiro, historicamente, é marcado pela presença de instituições privadas. Durante a franca expansão ocorrida nas duas últimas décadas, o setor privado apresentou um crescimento no número de matrículas e no percentual de participação. Este artigo descreve a participação privada nas graduações da saúde no período entre 1993 e 2013. A revisão bibliográfica sobre o ensino superior brasileiro e a análise descritiva de dados secundários evidenciaram que a participação do setor privado na formação em saúde, em muitos aspectos, tem sido compatível com a dinâmica do setor de ensino superior. Na década de 1990, o crescimento do setor privado foi tendência em todas as graduações em saúde, e na maior parte dos cursos as taxas de crescimento foram maiores que a média nacional. No período entre 2003 e 2013, os cursos de Medicina, Odontologia e Serviço Social apresentaram taxas de crescimento maiores que no período anterior e os demais apresentaram uma desaceleração das taxas de crescimento; já nos cursos de Biologia, Fonoaudiologia e Terapia Ocupacional, observou-se uma redução do número de matrículas em instituições privadas.

Privatization and geographic inequalities in the distribution and expansion of higher nursing education in Brazil

“…Already in the 1970s, there was the resumption of the course expansion, with parallel growth of private participation in the area, which had also been described for the other areas of higher education in Brazil (18) . Despite this increase, authors portray the impact of several events on the resumption of the expansion observed in the period, including the influence of the University Reform of 1968, the implementation of a program developed by the Department of University Affairs of the Ministry of Education and Culture (DAU/MEC) and the creation of the Educational Credit Program (Programa de Crédito Educativo) (18) .…”

“…In the education sector, the Brazilian National Education Guidelines and Bases Act (LDB -Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional) of 1996 liberalized the provision of higher education by the private sector, causing substantial changes in the organization and functioning of the country's national higher education system (1,18) , favoring the start of private courses observed in the 1990s and contributing to that, since 1998, the number of private courses exceeded the number of courses linked to public HEIs. Together with these policies, other legal instruments implemented by the government directly favored the expansion of the private sector, including the University for All Program (PROUNI -Programa Universidade para Todos) and the Higher Education Student Financing Fund (FIES -Fundo de Financiamento de Estudante de Ensino Superior) (1,18) . These policies implemented by the State, over the years, helped to shift the responsibility of higher education to free private enterprise (11) , cooperating, in a way, with the drastic reduction of state resources for the expansion and maintenance of public HEIs, favoring the disappearance of the idea of a public university, free and based on teaching/research/extension (1,18) .…”

Cenário da educação superior à distância em saúde no Brasil: a situação da Enfermagem

“…The research showed a relevant increase in the offer of undergraduate courses in health in the DE modality in Brazil, corroborating with a survey carried out in 2018, which highlighted that, in the period from 1993 to 2013, undergraduate courses in health with distance learning already presented significant expansion in Brazil, with the private sector responsible for most of this growth. 13 For Nursing, there was a high number of active seats (n=82,000) and these could be attended in 1,363 Hubs. However, previous studies indicate that, for Nursing, there would be a distortion between the volume of seats offered and effective enrollments, which is characterized by the idleness of almost 80% of the seats offered in the distance modality.…”

Higher education privatization in Nursing in Brazil: profile, challenges and trends

“…From 1960 to 1970, a lucrative sub-sector of higher education businesses was created, when the establishments were still considered formally as nonprofit institutions (18) . Another interesting aspect is that, although political scenarios have alternated between different political groups and parties with supposedly different ideals of conformation, orientation and militancy, their leaders have maintained a favorable direction for the expansion of private HEIs (19) .…”

“…The 1996 Guidelines and Bases Law (Lei de Diretrizes e Bases, LDB) is considered by most authors to be the basis of the privatization process of higher education in Brazil. However, the participation of private for-profit HEIs, explicitly or not, already existed since the 1960s (7,(19)(20) .…”