Optimization of the blanching time and temperature in the manufacture of Hass avocado pulp using low quality discarded fruits

Abstract

In Peru, approximately 20% of the production of avocado var. Hass is discarded due to its low quality, and sold at low prices in local markets. The aim of this study was to optimize the blanching time and temperature to produce avocado pulp, using low quality discarded fruits as the raw material. The process was optimized using Response Surface Methodology with a 22 central composite rotational design (R2 ≥ 0.75; p < 0.05). The independent variables studied were the blanching time (0, 1.5, 5, 8.5, 10 min) and temperature (65, 68, 75, 82, 85 °C), where the avocados were blanched by immersion (with peel), and the pulp extracted, processed, vacuum sealed (0.035 MPa) and stored under refrigeration at 5 °C for 49 days. The low quality discarded avocados were shown to be ideal for pulping, since 98% of the fruits had an oil content below 15% with an average pulp yield of 79.23%. The results indicated that longer blanching times and higher temperatures of above 5 min and 75 °C, respectively, retained the green colour and increased the brightness of the pulp, avoiding enzymatic browning. In addition, the increase in both contributed to the stability of the product acidity and pH level, extending its shelf life. However, in the sensory analysis, the pulp submitted to temperatures above 82 °C obtained the lowest scores for taste, odour and general acceptance due to the presence of a bitter taste and unpleasant odours in the pulp. The central point trials (5 min; 75 °C) presented the best scores for the independent variables such as colour, taste, odour and sensory texture, also showing good physicochemical stability with a shelf life of 37 days.

Foaming characteristics and impact of ethanol pretreatment in drying behavior and physical characteristics for avocado pulp powder obtained by foam mat drying

“…Initially, the avocado fruits were sanitized with a sodium hypochlorite solution (200 mg/L of free chlorine) for 15 min and rinsed with running water. After that, the fruits were manually cut and the avocado pulp was bleached (75°C/5 min), immersed in cool water (10°C/10 min) to avoid prolonged heat action (Salvador‐Reyes & Paucar‐Menacho, 2019). Peels and seeds were discarded.…”