Estudo de validação das equações de Tanaka e de Kawasaki para estimar a excreção diária de sódio através da coleta da urina casual

Abstract

ABSTRACT:Objective: To validate Tanaka and Kawasaki's formulas to calculate the salt intake by the sodium/creatinine ratio in spot of urine. Methods: Two hundred and seventy two adults (20 -69 years old; 52.6% women) with 24 h urine collection and two urinary spots collected on the same day (while fastingspot 1 -or not fasting -spot 2). Anthropometry, blood pressure and fasting blood were measured on the same day. The analysis of agreement between salt consumption measured in the 24 h urine test and urinary spots were determined by the Pearson's correlation (r) and the Bland & Altman method. Results: The mean salt consumption measured by the 24 h sodium excretion was 10.4 ± 5.3 g/day. The correlation between the measured 24 h sodium excretion and the estimation based on spots 1 and 2, respectively, was only moderated according to Tanaka (r = 0.51 and r = 0.55; p < 0.001) and to Kawasaki (r = 0.52 and r = 0.54; p < 0.001). We observed an increasing underestimation of salt consumption by Tanaka to increasing salt consumption and conversely, an overestimation of consumption by the Kawasaki formula. The estimation of salt consumption (difference between measured and calculated salt consumption lower than 1 g/day) was adequate only when the consumption was between 9 -12 g/day (Tanaka) and 12 -18 g/day (Kawasaki). Conclusion: Spot urine sampling is adequate to estimate salt consumption only among individuals with an actual consumption near the population mean.

Sodium and Salt Consumption in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Systematic-Review and Meta-Analysis of Population-Based Studies and Surveys

“…There is need for simpler methods to ascertain daily sodium intake, for example those based on spot urine samples, including some correction factors [25], as well as the Tanaka [26], Kawasaki [25], and INTERSALT [34] formulas. Although some authors have claimed that these formulas may retrieve accurate estimates [35,36], there is also a large body of evidence suggesting these formulas are not perfect or may need calibration in new populations [37,38]. The findings of this review and meta-regressions may suggest that the Tanaka and Kawasaki formula may slightly overestimate 24 h sodium consumption.…”

Estimativa do consumo de sal pela população brasileira: resultado da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2013

“…Several studies have sought alternatives to simplify the collection, reduce costs, and minimize errors [35][36][37] . A pilot study performed in Vitória to validate equations that estimate 24-h urinary sodium excretion measured the sodium/creatinine ratio in casual urine 34 . In this investigation, the 24-h collection was combined with casual collection on the same day and in the same individuals.…”

“…The sodium/creatinine ratio was measured in the casual urine collected at any time of the day. The Tanaka formula was able to predict the consumption with accuracy of 1 g/day in individuals who ingested 9 to 12 g/day, that is, in the intake range of the population mean 34 . The study, in addition to validating the Tanaka equation, also defined the methodology used in the 2013 NHS across the country.…”

“…The 24-h urinary sodium excretion was estimated by the equation of Tanaka et al 33 , which was validated for the Brazilian population in a substudy in Vitória 34…”

Prevalência de fatores de risco cardiovascular na população de Vitória segundo dados do VIGITEL e da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2013

“…A total of 326 individuals participated in the study, and complete data collection was obtained from 318 (80.3% of the household sample). Further details of the study methodology and of the tests performed have already been published 9,12 .…”