Regularization of Legal Reserve Debts: Perceptions of Rural Producers in the State of Pará and Mato Grosso in Brazil

Pacheco, Rayane; Rajão, Raoni; Soares‐Filho, Britaldo; Hoff, Richard van der

doi:10.1590/1809-4422asoc0012r1v2022017

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…We also observed shortcomings related to the high proportion of canga ecosystems occupied by offsets for land-tenure regularization (68% of 1,186 ha) in previously established protected areas. Land regularization issues pose one of the greatest challenges for managing protected areas in Brazil (Pacheco et al, 2017), but the key point we highlight here is that there are at least four other categories of monetary compensation (Barros et al, 2015; IEF, 2021a) for allocating resources to address this problem. Choosing to allocate most of the offset area to land-tenure regularization results in no net benefit (Virah-Sawmy et al, 2014) because canga ecosystems in protected areas are already under no threat of habitat loss, unlike those in unprotected areas.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Controversies and hidden risks in biodiversity offsets in critically threatened Canga (ironstone) ecosystems in Brazil

Carmo¹,

Kamino²

2022

Oryx

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Canga, or ironstone, ecosystems are hotspots of old-growth plant diversity and highly specialized cave invertebrates. These ancient metalliferous habitats are amongst the most threatened ecosystems because of the destruction caused by large-scale iron ore mining. International debate on biodiversity offsets is increasing because these mechanisms are seen as tools for potentially balancing economic development with conservation biodiversity. Leading mining companies worldwide, including some of the largest iron ore producers in Brazil, are signatories to offset principles and best practices that aim to achieve no net loss of habitats, species or ecosystem functions. We aimed to analyse whether Brazilian legal requirements for biodiversity offsets result in the achievement of conservation outcomes or in elevated threat of extinction in canga ecosystems. We evaluated technical reports that support decision-making related to environmental licensing for iron ore mining and specific offset proposals linked to the Atlantic Forest Act. We found a relevant net loss in canga ecosystems and observed shortcomings related to the equivalency and transparency of offset principles. These deficiencies are mainly related to lax norms and regulations and the absence of an integrated database for accessing information on environmental licensing processes. We argue that both policy flaws and low engagement by the Brazilian mining industry in implementing offset principles have increased the threat of extinction in canga ecosystems.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Controversies and hidden risks in biodiversity offsets in critically threatened Canga (ironstone) ecosystems in Brazil

Carmo¹,

Kamino²

2022

Oryx

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“…This procrastination reflects the growing influence of agribusiness on environmental policy, the low initial adherence to the program and also is related to environmental behaviors, such as: motivational, moral, context and habit [21]. In this case, the motivation for CAR registration is predominantly normative [22] and not necessarily due to a belief in the importance of environmental preservation [23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Environmental Legislation in Brazil and the Impact on Cerrado Deforestation Rates

Pires

Steinke

2022

Sustainability

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This study aims to relate the recent trajectory of Brazilian environmental policies with the last 20 years deforestation rates observed in the Cerrado through the PRODES-Cerrado monitoring initiative. The main hypothesis is that the improvement of environmental legislation in Brazil, mainly during the period between 2005 and 2012, influenced the decrease in deforestation rates. In addition, policies to control environmental compliance, such as the Rural Environmental Registry (CAR) also influenced the reduction of deforestation. In the early 2000s, there was a significant increase in public environmental policies and implementation of an environmental management structure with the creation of conservation, protection, and management agency for conservation units (ICMBio), the Brazilian Forest Service for the management of public forests and Rural Environment Registry (CAR). Comparing the annual deforestation rate, it was observed that between 2000 and 2005, when 12.60% of the Cerrado was deforested, the annual deforestation average rate was 2.52%. Between 2006 and 2012, the period that precedes the revision of the Forest Code, the total deforestation is equivalent to 7.98%, which results in an annual average rate of 1.33%. After the enactment of the new Forest Code, between 2013 and 2020, there was a deforestation of 7.03% of the Cerrado area, which is equivalent to a deforestation annual average rate of 1.00%. One of the positive aspects of the new legislation was the creation of CAR, which obliges rural landowners to make an environmental attributes declaration of their property, this program being the main environmental management tool created in Brazil recently. After CAR regulation in 2014, there was a decrease in deforestation from 10,904 km2 to 7905 km2 in 2020. On the other hand, since 2016, changes occurred in the political scenario that increased agribusiness influence and the rise of a more conservative agenda, which jeopardizes the future of environmental quality in Brazil (illustrated, for example, by the increased release of pesticides from 104 in 2010 to 493 in 2020). As the main conclusion of this research, we showed that the state’s commitment to environmental management can contribute to deforestation reduction. The regulation of programs such as CAR can also contribute to the reduction of deforestation since it is one more tool for monitoring and ensure compliance of environmental regularization and recovery vegetation programs. At the same time, is necessary to keep on monitoring deforestation once the influence of the agricultural lobby has gained strength.

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“…O déficit acumulado desse grupo de imóveis rurais é de 6.619.354,40 ha em relação à área mínima de RL exigida no Art. 12 da Lei (linha de base), que correspondem a 62,86% do déficit total de 10.529.585,97 ha de RL da área de estudo, conforme apresentado na Tabela 5 Pacheco et al (2017). informam que uma quantidade substancial de imóveis rurais apresenta RL abaixo dos percentuais estabelecidos pela Lei, citando o trabalho de Azevedo, Stabile e Reis (2015) que, em 2014, identificou que 65% das propriedades rurais no Mato Grosso apresentavam algum nível de déficit de RL.…”

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“…12 é por meio da compensação da RL, para os casos de imóveis rurais que não disponham de vegetação nativa para compor o mínimo da RL, e cujo desflorestamento tenha ocorrido antes de 22 de julho de 2008. Esse mecanismo permite que o déficit de RL de uma propriedade seja compensado em outras propriedades rurais de mesmo bioma, e cuja vegetação natural exceda os percentuais mínimos exigidos pela Lei.De acordo com os trabalhos deIrigaray (2007),Pacheco et al (2017) e, essa modalidade se mostra economicamente interessante para os possuidores de déficit de RL que desejam se regularizar e é a alternativa preferida entre eles, tendo em vista que a compensação é um mecanismo que permite a redução dos custos de adequação devido à redução nos custos de oportunidade para os produtores rurais (BERNASCONI eROMEIRO, 2011;BERNASCONI, 2013). de vislumbrar cenários de ocupação das áreas rurais nos quais as Reservas Legais possam ser estabelecidas em locais mais adequados do ponto de vista da conservação dos diversos atributos ambientais.Uma das formas de operacionalização do mecanismo de compensação de RL depende da existência de excedente de RL, em relação ao percentual mínimo exigido pela Lei, em outros imóveis rurais.…”

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Regularidade Ambiental Das Áreas De Reserva Legal Do Cerrado Brasileiro

Mendes

Matricardi

Couto

et al. 2022

RCG

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O bioma Cerrado possui relevância global para a conservação da biodiversidade, além de ser uma região importante para o desenvolvimento econômico do Brasil. Nesse cenário, as áreas de Reserva Legal, um dos principais mecanismos legais vigentes de proteção da vegetação nativa relacionados ao uso conservacionista do espaço rural brasileiro, assume papel relevante para a sustentabilidade do bioma. Este trabalho avaliou o cumprimento da legislação ambiental referente às áreas de Reserva Legal de imóveis rurais localizados no Cerrado brasileiro, sob o aspecto do cumprimento do percentual mínimo exigido pela Lei nº 12.651/2012. Foram analisados 905.837 imóveis rurais inscritos no Cadastro Ambiental Rural (CAR), nos quais, devem ser mantidos, no mínimo, 41.076.595,20 ha de Reserva Legal, segundo o art. 12 da Lei nº 12.651/2012. No entanto, foram delimitados no CAR apenas 34.604.030,95 ha, havendo um déficit de 6.472.564,25 ha. Do total de imóveis rurais analisados, 210.682 não delimitaram nenhuma informação de Reserva Legal no CAR. Daqueles que delimitaram, 292.164 imóveis rurais apresentaram déficit de 6.619.354,40 ha em relação à área mínima, enquanto 402.991 imóveis rurais alcançaram a área mínima exigida, aportando, ainda, 4.057.021,71 ha excedentes à área mínima de Reserva Legal exigida pela legislação.

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Regularization of Legal Reserve Debts: Perceptions of Rural Producers in the State of Pará and Mato Grosso in Brazil

Cited by 11 publications

References 33 publications

Controversies and hidden risks in biodiversity offsets in critically threatened Canga (ironstone) ecosystems in Brazil

Controversies and hidden risks in biodiversity offsets in critically threatened Canga (ironstone) ecosystems in Brazil

Recent Environmental Legislation in Brazil and the Impact on Cerrado Deforestation Rates

Regularidade Ambiental Das Áreas De Reserva Legal Do Cerrado Brasileiro

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