The interception process in tropical rain forests: a literature review and critique (*).

Clarke, Ralph T.

doi:10.1590/1809-43921986161235

Cited by 14 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…T h e use of a lim ited num ber of fixed gauges is shown to be particularly prone to considerable sam pling error. M an y studies of interception have used such a sam pling strategy for tropical forests (see, for exam ple, F ranken et al (1982)), and this has presum ably contributed to the extrem e variability in interception fraction reported in reviews of tropical interception (see, for exam ple, Clarke 1988). M ore im portantly, any predisposition by past observers to discard ap p aren tly unrealistically high m easurem ents am ong their d ata, or to move individual gauges aw ay from apparently unrepresentative drip points in a fixed sample position m easurem ent, w ould generate a significant systematic error, tending to overestim ate interception loss.…”

Section: Arainfall Interception Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Micrometeorology of temperate and tropical forest

Shuttleworth

1989

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B

279

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The literature on the micrometeorology of temperate and tropical forests is reviewed to determine whether structural or species difference between these biomes alters their interaction with the atmosphere. Considerable consistency is found in the value of those whole-canopy features of most importance to this interaction, namely solar- reflection coefficient, through-canopy radiation absorption, aerodynamic roughness, the symptoms of near-surface K -theory failure, the canopy store for rainfall interception and the magnitude and environmental response of their bulk stomatal (surface) resistance. Typical values of these parameters and functions are given with a view to their potential use in climate simulation models. Attention is drawn to the fact that this similar micrometeorological response can generate different time- average surface-energy partitions when interacting with different climates and, in particular, alters between the edge and the middle of continents. This is of considerable significance, implying tropical deforestation is likely to have most effect on river flow (though not climate) at continental edge and island locations. The similar micrometeorological response of forests is interpreted as the necessary consequence of energy and mass (water) conservation acting as an area average on vegetation that is, by definition, dense and extensive, to reconcile a characteristically tall growth habit with a perennial nature.

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Section: Arainfall Interception Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Micrometeorology of temperate and tropical forest

Shuttleworth

1989

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B

279

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“…The probability distribution shown in figure 2 a is an important basis against which to judge previous measurements of this hydrological process for this type of forest. Recent reviews of tropical rainforest interception results (Raich 1983 ;Clarke 1988) have shown estimates that ranged from less than 3 % of gross rainfall in Nigeria to over 63 % in a Thailand teak forest. Although some of this variation may reflect different climate, storm pattern and forest structure, it is apparent that many previous studies did not take sufficient account of the high spatial variability present in heterogeneous tropical forest.…”

Section: Evaporation From Amazonian Rainforest 325mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaporation from Amazonian rainforest

Shuttleworth

1988

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B.

355

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The results of a two-year Anglo-Brazilian study of the micrometeorology and process hydrology of undisturbed tropical rainforest at a site in central Amazonia are described. Sample measurements of dry-canopy evaporation from three intensive field campaigns and continuous measurements of rainfall interception loss are used to calibrate a micrometeorological model of evaporation from the forest canopy. Evaporation at this site is calculated by the model from September 1983 to September 1985 by using hourly-average meteorological measurements routinely taken above the canopy, and regular measurements of soil water tension averaged to a depth of one metre. The monthly evaporation derived in this way is compared with the measured precipitation and radiant energy input to the forest, and with calculated potential evaporation rates. Over the whole study period, approximately 10% of rainfall was intercepted by the forest canopy, and this accounted for 20-25 % of the evaporation. The remainder occurred as transpiration from the trees. Over this same period, about one half of the incoming precipitation is returned to the atmosphere as evaporation, a process which requires 90% of the radiant energy input. These proportions exhibit some seasonal behaviour in response to the large seasonal variation in rainfall. The average evaporation over two years was within 5% of potential evaporation. Monthly-average evaporation exceeds potential estimates by about 10% during wet months, and falls below such estimates by at least this proportion in dry months. These data provide the hitherto missing numerical basis for assessing the likely consequences of Amazonian deforestation on surface water and energy balances.

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“…The elements are largely in dissolved inorganic forms which can be taken up immediately by trees. Throughfall data for tropical forests have been reported to be highly variable within sites (Clarke 1987;Forti and Neal 1992). Sampling designs which did not take full account of the high spatial, and sometimes high temporal, heterogeneity of the forest canopy were the main reason (Lloyd and Marques 1988).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rainfall input, throughfall and stemflow of nutrients in a central African rain forest dominated by ectomycorrhizal trees

Chuyong¹,

Newbery²,

Songwe³

2004

Biogeochemistry

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Incident rainfall is a major source of nutrient input to a forest ecosystem and the consequent throughfall and stemflow contribute to nutrient cycling. These rain-based fluxes were measured over 12 mo in two forest types in Korup National Park, Cameroon, one with low (LEM) and one with high (HEM) ectomycorrhizal abundances of trees. Throughfall was 96.6 and 92.4% of the incident annual rainfall (5370 mm) in LEM and HEM forests respectively; stemflow was correspondingly 1.5 and 2.2%. Architectural analysis showed that ln(funneling ratio) declined linearly with increasing ln(basal area) of trees. Mean annual inputs of N, P, K, Mg and Ca in incident rainfall were 1.50, 1.07, 7.77, 5.25 and 9.27 kg ha −1 , and total rain-based inputs to the forest floor were 5.0, 3.2, 123.4, 14.4 and 37.7 kg ha −1 respectively. The value for K is high for tropical forests and that for N is low. Nitrogen showed a significantly lower loading of throughfall and stemflow in HEM than in LEM forest, this being associated in the HEM forest with a greater abundance of epiphytic bryophytes which may absorb more N. Incident rainfall provided c. 35% of the gross input of P to the forest floor (i.e., rain-based plus small litter inputs), a surprisingly high contribution given the sandy P-poor soils. At the start of the wet season leaching of K from the canopy was particularly high. Calcium in the rain was also highest at this time, most likely due to washing off of dry-deposited Harmattan dusts. It is proposed that throughfall has an important 'priming' function in the rapid decomposition of litter and mineralization of P at the start of the wet season. The contribution of P inputted from the atmosphere appears to be significant when compared to the rates of P mineralization from leaf litter.

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The interception process in tropical rain forests: a literature review and critique (*).

Abstract: BACKGROVmIn temperate latitudes, interception as a component of the total evaporative loss from forests has been intensívely studíed (see, for example, Helvey & Patrick, 1965; HeJvey, 1967; Lawson, 7967; BJake, 1975;Calder, 1976Calder, , 1978 and its importance welj_

Cited by 14 publications

References 18 publications

Micrometeorology of temperate and tropical forest

Micrometeorology of temperate and tropical forest

Evaporation from Amazonian rainforest

Rainfall input, throughfall and stemflow of nutrients in a central African rain forest dominated by ectomycorrhizal trees

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