Review of the generic level classification of the New World Ascalaphidae (Neuroptera)

Penny, Norman D.

doi:10.1590/1809-43921981112391

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“…Adults of most owlfly species are nocturnal or crepuscular, and active for only a very brief period in each 24‐hr cycle, as short as 10–15 min in some species. Their now highly successful radiation may have been spurred along its remarkable trajectory via exploitation of the narrow temporal window open between the activity intervals of diurnal dragonflies and nocturnal bats (Penny, ). Notably, some conspicuous, day‐flying genera do occur, particularly in Eurasia (Figure e), and a few of the common European species have been well studied (Archaux et al, ; Belušič, Pirih, & Stavenga, ; von der Dunk, ; Fetz, ; Meglič, Škorjanc, & Zupančič, ; Müller, Schlegel, & Krüsi, ; Senčič, ; Weissmair, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Until now, however, virtually no phylogenetic investigation has focused primarily on the Ascalaphidae. Some authors have recognized this and called for such a study (Engel, Winterton, & Breitkreuz, 2018;Henry, 1978a;New, 1984;Penny 1982;Riek, 1968;Tjeder, 1992). Numerous works have included owlflies in estimates of relationships among lacewing families (Figures S1-S8), but taxon sampling of ascalaphids in these studies almost universally has been limited to one or a handful of species, with recent studies on owlflies by Jones (2014-the unpublished dissertation upon which the current work is based) and antlions by Machado et al (2018) being exceptional.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Total‐evidence phylogeny of the owlflies (Neuroptera, Ascalaphidae) supports a new higher‐level classification

Jones

2019

Zoologica Scripta

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The first large‐scale, total‐evidence phylogeny of the owlflies (Neuroptera, Ascalaphidae) is presented. A combined morphological and molecular dataset was analysed under several analytical regimes for 76 exemplars of Myrmeleontiformia (Psychopsidae, Nymphidae, Nemopteridae, Myrmeleontidae, Ascalaphidae), including 57 of Ascalaphidae. At the subordinal level, the families were recovered in all analyses in the form Psychopsidae + (Nymphidae + (Nemopteridae + (Myrmeleontidae + Ascalaphidae). In the DNA‐only maximum‐likelihood analysis, Ascalaphidae were recovered as paraphyletic with respect to the Myrmeleontidae and the tribe Ululodini. In both the parsimony and Bayesian total‐evidence analyses, however, the latter with strong support, traditional Ascalaphidae were recovered as monophyletic, and in the latter, Stilbopteryginae were placed as the immediate sister group. The long‐standing subfamilies Haplogleniinae and Ascalaphinae were not recovered as monophyletic in any analysis, nor were several of the included tribes of non‐ululodine Ascalaphinae. The Ululodini were monophyletic and well supported in all analyses, as were the New World Haplogleniinae and, separately, the African/Malagasy Haplogleniinae. The remaining Ascalaphidae, collectively, were also consistently cohesive, but included a genus that until now has been placed in the Haplogleniinae, Protidricerus. Protidricerus was discovered to express a well‐developed pleurostoma, a feature previously only encountered in divided‐eye owlflies. The feature traditionally used to differentiate the Haplogleniinae and Ascalaphinae, the entire or divided eye, can no longer be regarded as a spot‐diagnostic synapomorphy to separate these groups within the family. A new subfamilial classification based on these results is proposed and includes the following five subfamilies: Albardiinae, Ululodinae, Haplogleniinae, Melambrotinae and Ascalaphinae. In addition, the monophyletic containing group (Myrmeleontidae + (Palparidae + (Stilbopterygidae + Ascalaphidae))) is elevated to the rank of superfamily, as Myrmeleontoidea, in order to accommodate much‐needed taxonomic and nomenclatural restructuring anticipated to occur within the Ascalaphidae in the future. A list of genera included in each subfamily of Ascalaphidae is provided.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Total‐evidence phylogeny of the owlflies (Neuroptera, Ascalaphidae) supports a new higher‐level classification

Jones

2019

Zoologica Scripta

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“…Information about systematics and taxonomy of Ascalaphidae and Neuroptera can be found in Aspöck et al. (1980, 2001a), Penny (1981), New (1984), Oswald and Penny (1991) and Tjeder and Hansson (1992).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies were made of males and females of 13 species of the Ascalaphidae family, collected by H. Ho¨lzel Tjeder, 1977 (Tjeder andWaterston 1977) (Maskat, Oman, 23°28¢N, 58°36¢E). Information about systematics and taxonomy of Ascalaphidae and Neuroptera can be found in Aspo¨ck et al (1980Aspo¨ck et al ( , 2001a, Penny (1981), New (1984), Oswald and Penny (1991) and Tjeder and Hansson (1992).…”

Section: Species Studiedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Divided and undivided compound eyes in Ascalaphidae (Insecta, Neuroptera) and their functional and phylogenetic significance

Fischer

Hölzel

Kral

2006

Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research

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The external morphology of the compound eyes of 13 species of the Ascalaphidae family (Insecta, Neuroptera) from Africa, Asia and Europe was studied in relation to the habitat, phylogeny and time of activity during the day. The six species with undivided eyes (Haplogleniinae) are nocturnal; four inhabit more or less open terrain, while two inhabit more or less dense vegetation. Of the seven species with divided eyes (Ascalaphinae), three are diurnal, one is crepuscular and nocturnal, and three are nocturnal. It was found that two of the diurnal species inhabit open terrain and open forest, and one inhabits dense vegetation; the crepuscular and nocturnal species inhabits open terrain; and two of the nocturnal species inhabit open terrain, while one inhabits dense vegetation. The results are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that divided eyes evolved from undivided eyes, originally serving as an adaptation to daytime vision in open terrain.

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“…Thus, in two recent articles covering Amazonian Ascalaphidae (Penny, 1981(Penny, , 1982 this group was not included. New (1982) has shown that the Al bardiinae are more closely related to the Ascnlaphidae, although forming a separa te grouping, while Stilbopteryginae is mo re closely related to the Myrmeleontidae, and the grouping "Stilbopterygidae" is considered to be polyphyletic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

NEUROPTERA OF THE AMAZON BASIN Part 9. Albardiinae

Penny

1983

Acta Amaz.

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Review of the generic level classification of the New World Ascalaphidae (Neuroptera)

Cited by 20 publications

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Total‐evidence phylogeny of the owlflies (Neuroptera, Ascalaphidae) supports a new higher‐level classification

Total‐evidence phylogeny of the owlflies (Neuroptera, Ascalaphidae) supports a new higher‐level classification

Divided and undivided compound eyes in Ascalaphidae (Insecta, Neuroptera) and their functional and phylogenetic significance

NEUROPTERA OF THE AMAZON BASIN Part 9. Albardiinae

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