The prevalence of mandibular retromolar canals on cone beam computed tomography and its clinical repercussions

Freitas, George Borja de; Silva, Alessandra de Freitas e; Júnior, Luiz Roberto Coutinho Manhães

doi:10.1590/1807-2577.00117

Cited by 9 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(34 reference statements)

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“…When observing the relative frequency of mandibular canal bifurcation according to its classification in the present study, class D (retromolar direction) was the most prevalent with 39.1% of cases of mandibular canal bifurcation. Freitas et al 17 found a prevalence of 19.4% of retromolar bifid canals in their study. The second most prevalent classification was class C (alveolar direction), which occurred in 21.7%.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

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Prevalence evaluation and classification of bifid mandibular canals in CBCT exams in different facial types

Freitas

Silva

Júnior

et al. 2018

Rev. odontol. UNESP

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Objetive The aim of this study is to establish the prevalence and classification of mandibular canal alterations using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in different facial types. This research was submitted and approved by the research ethics committee, registration number 2.065.839. Material and method The sample consisted of 90 CBCTs from the São Leopoldo Mandic Dental School database (Campinas-SP), divided into three groups according to brachycephalic, dolichocephalic and mesocephalic facial types. Result Of the 90 patients, 23 presented bifid mandible canals (25.6%), of which 60.9% were in males and 39.1% in females. In 39.1%, the canal bifurcation occurred towards the retromolar region (class D), 21.7% had a trajectory to an alveolar or upper direction (class C) and 13.1% were classified as C-E. For the remaining classifications (A, E, F and A-E), the frequencies were in the range of 8.7% to 4.3%. None of the 23 cases of mandibular canal bifurcation was classified as B (mesial direction). Conclusion According to the results obtained from this study, the prevalence of bifid mandibular canals was found to be 25.6%, with class D being the most prevalent for the retromolar region and the highest occurrence was unilaterally on the left side. When evaluating the occurrence of bifid mandibular canals in relation to facial types, brachycephalic patients were the most affected.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

“…The sample was divided into 3 groups according to facial types: CT scans were all obtained from the I-Cat  (Imaging Science, Hatfield, PA) equipment with Fov 20 cm, voxel 0.25 mm and 20s, Kvp120 and 36mA. The sample size was based on previous recently published studies [16][17][18] .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence evaluation and classification of bifid mandibular canals in CBCT exams in different facial types

Freitas

Silva

Júnior

et al. 2018

Rev. odontol. UNESP

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“…Results in the current study were analyzed and tabulated using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software as described by Freitas et al for their statistical analysis [27]. Intra-reviewer analysis and inter-reviewer analysis were done to determine the reliability of measurements, frequencies, and percentages to find the percentage of RMF in the sample, and χ 2 (chi-square test) and Fisher's exact test were calculated to identify the significant incidence.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is quite obvious that there is a vast difference between the incidence rate reported in panoramic studies due to the limitation of being a 2D modality and CBCT studies; several studies have reclaimed incidence rates of 3-8% [14,23,28] and 7.3-75.4% [5,27] in panoramic and CBCT studies, respectively. 11.2% was reported in this study which falls in the range of the previously reported studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The wide range of incidence rate of RMC in different studies can be attributed also to the sample size difference in each study and the inclusion and exclusion criteria; a study with large sample size 300 CBCT scans which was done on the Brazilian population showed an incidence rate of 5 % only [27], while the study done on 84 CBCT scans only of the Chilean population showed an incidence rate of 23.8% [35].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Incidence of retromolar canal in Egyptian population using CBCT: a retrospective study

Badry

El-Badawy

Hamed

2020

Egypt J Radiol Nucl Med

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Background: Many studies have been done to investigate the incidence and the course of the retromolar canal (RMC) in different populations either osseous studies using cadavers or dry mandibles, panoramic studies, or cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) studies. The location of the RMC is in the retromolar area distal to the third mandibular molar. The retromolar area is considered an imperative site where many dental surgeries are being held. The aim of this study is to determine the incidence of RMC in the Egyptian population using CBCT and measure the distance between the RMF and neighboring anatomical landmarks to better allocate the RMC and RMF and avoid the complications. Two hundred and fourteen CBCT scans were examined to detect the presence of RMC. Their course was classified to 3 main types A, B, and C, and linear measurements were done from the retromolar foramen (RMF) to the 2nd and 3rd molars in anteroposterior direction and from the RMF to the mandibular foramen (MF) in anteroposterior and mediolateral directions. Results: The RMC was present in 24 scans from the 214 with 11.2% incidence rate. The most common type was found to be type A, and type C was the rarest. The RMC has no significant difference between males and females, unilateral and bilateral distribution, and right and left sides. The linear measurements from the RMF to the 2nd and 3rd molars are 14.70 ± 5.07 mm and 4.26 ± 4.21 mm, respectively, and from the RMF to the MF in anteroposterior and mediolateral directions are 15.69 ± 3.43 mm and 2.62 ± 1.60 mm, respectively. Conclusions: The incidence rate of RMC in Egyptian population represents 11.2%. The use of CBCT is quite important in the evaluation of the retromolar area to visualize the presence of the RMC or RMF and avoid the complications occurring due to different dental surgical procedures performed in the aforementioned site.

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The clinical significance of the retromolar canal and foramen in dentistry

Ngeow

Chai

2020

Clinical Anatomy

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The mandibular canal is nowadays acknowledged as a major trunk with multiple smaller branches running roughly parallel to it. Most of these accessory canals contain branches of the inferior alveolar neurovascular bundle that supplies the dentition, jawbone, and soft tissue around the gingiva and lower lip. This article reviews the prevalence, classification and morphometric measurements of the retromolar canal and its aperture. A retromolar canal is a bifid variation of the mandibular canal that divides from above this main canal, and travels anterosuperiorly within the bone to exit via a single foramen or multiple foramina into the retromolar fossa. This foramen, termed the retromolar foramen, allows accessory branches of the inferior alveolar neurovascular bundles to supply tissues at the retromolar trigone. Clinically, it is of the utmost importance to determine the exact location of the mandibular canal and to identify its retromolar accessory branches when surgery in the posterior mandible is to be performed.

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The prevalence of mandibular retromolar canals on cone beam computed tomography and its clinical repercussions

Cited by 9 publications

References 20 publications

Prevalence evaluation and classification of bifid mandibular canals in CBCT exams in different facial types

Prevalence evaluation and classification of bifid mandibular canals in CBCT exams in different facial types

Incidence of retromolar canal in Egyptian population using CBCT: a retrospective study

The clinical significance of the retromolar canal and foramen in dentistry

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