Irrigation and organic fertilization on the production of essential oil and flavonoid in chamomile

Abstract

A B S T R A C TThe therapeutic efficacy of herbal medicines and pesticides has increased the need to define cultivation parameters for medicinal plants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the production of essential oil and flavonoids of chamomile under irrigation levels and organic fertilizer doses. The experiment was conducted in the experimental area of the Campus II of the University of Western São Paulo, in the city of Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized block in triple factorial (6 x 2 x 3), corresponding to irrigation depths (150, 100, 75, 50, 25 and 0% of the reference evapotranspiration (ETo)), organic fertilizers (poultry manure and cattle manure) and the fertilizer doses (0, 3 and 5 kg m -2 ), with four replicates. The following variables were evaluated: capitulum dry matter, and content and yield of essential oil and flavonoids. For the tested conditions, it is recommended to use 5 kg m -2 poultry manure and water depth equivalent to 150% ETo for the production of essential oil and flavonoid.Irrigação e adubação orgânica na produção de óleo essencial e flavonoides em camomila R E S U M O A eficácia terapêutica de fitoterápicos e fitofármacos tem aumentado a necessidade de definir parâmetros de cultivo para plantas medicinais. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a produção de óleo essencial e flavonoides da camomila quanto a lâminas de irrigação e doses de adubo orgânico. O experimento foi conduzido em área experimental do Campus II, da Universidade do Oeste Paulista, na cidade de Presidente Prudente, SP, Brasil. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial triplo (6 x 2 x 3), sendo a lâmina de irrigação (150, 100, 75, 50, 25 e 0% da evapotranspiração de referência (ETo)), o adubo orgânico (esterco de aves e esterco bovino curtido) e a dose do adubo (0, 3 e 5 kg m -2 ) e quatro repetições. Foram avaliados a massa seca de capítulos florais, o teor e o rendimento de óleo essencial e o flavonoide; para as condições testadas recomenda-se utilizar 5 kg m -2 de esterco de ave e lâmina de irrigação equivalente a 150% ETo para a produção de óleo essencial e flavonoide. IntroductionChamomile is a medicinal and aromatic plant of great importance for the cosmetic and phytotherapeutic industry. It is the medicinal plant of greatest economic expression in the South region with cultivated area of 2,000 thousand ha in Paraná (Corrêa Júnior & Scheffer, 2014).Irrigation management consists in the rational use of water in order to meet the requirements of the plants, increasing production and water use efficiency (Shock & Wang, 2011;Pinto et al., 2014;Afshar et al., 2014). The water balance is one way of managing irrigation, considering the processes of absorption, conduction and loss of water. The difference between the water absorbed and lost by the plant is a relevant factor for the metabolic processes of adjustment of the plant (Bilibio et al., 2010).In situations of water deficit, medicinal plants can activate the secondary metaboli...

Bioactive compounds in edible flowers of garden pansy in response to irrigation and mycorrhizal inoculation

“…In Bortolo et al (2009) the different irrigation depths applied in the cultivation of Calendula officinalis L. did not alter the total flavonoid contents in the flowers. Already Aleman & Marques (2016), reported positive increases for the total flavonoid content when water depths were applied were applied, replacing 150% of evapotranspiration, associated with organic fertilization, in the production of chamomile flower buds. The performance of the flavonoid production in the garden pansy flowers, in front of the irrigation levels used, is in agreement with the result found by Aleman & Marques (2016) and demonstrates that, at extreme levels of water availability, there is an increase in flavonoid production, possibly aiming to protect the plant against abiotic damage.…”

“…Already Aleman & Marques (2016), reported positive increases for the total flavonoid content when water depths were applied were applied, replacing 150% of evapotranspiration, associated with organic fertilization, in the production of chamomile flower buds. The performance of the flavonoid production in the garden pansy flowers, in front of the irrigation levels used, is in agreement with the result found by Aleman & Marques (2016) and demonstrates that, at extreme levels of water availability, there is an increase in flavonoid production, possibly aiming to protect the plant against abiotic damage. And, at an intermediate level of water availability, the production of flavonoids remains low, because at that level, there is no warning signaling.…”

“…Variations among species, flowering period, soil, climate and crop management may alter the profile and contents of bioactive compounds in plants (Fernandes et al, 2016). Aleman & Marques (2016) verified that total flavonoid production and content showed a progressive increase as the levels of applied water depths associated with the highest dose of organic fertilization (chicken litter) were increased. In the studies carried out by Bortolo et al, (2009), when evaluating the flavonoid content in calendula cultivated with different irrigation depths, no changes were observed in the flavonoid content as a function of the applied water.…”

Curva de retenção de água em substrato de fibra de coco para cultivos em vasos em ambiente protegido

“…Em ambiente protegido, o momento de irrigar e a quantidade de água a aplicar, sem excesso ou déficit, é dificultada pelo desconhecimento das necessidades hídricas das plantas e de características dos substratos, causando perdas em produtividade e qualidade dos produtos, maior consumo de água e energia, lixiviação de nutrientes, proliferação de patógenos e degradação ambiental. Sendo assim, em recipientes com espaço limitado para as raízes, deve-se aplicar a quantidade de água que o substrato possa armazenar e em intervalo suficiente para atender a demanda de água das plantas (ALEMAN; MARQUES, 2016;BEZERRA et al, 2019;SILVA et al, 2018;SOUSA et al, 2020).…”

“…Para a irrigação, os métodos mais usados estimam perdas por evapotranspiração ou determinam o teor de água, por exemplo, colocando tensiômetros na zona radicular da planta para medir a tensão de água no meio, a qual é previamente relacionada com o teor de água, permitindo determinar a quantidade de água armazenada na camada considerada (ALEMAN; MARQUES, 2016;SILVA et al, 2018). O tensiômetro é o sensor mais usado para determinar o estado de água no solo, sendo confiável, fácil de adquirir e fornece leitura direta e em tempo real a custo baixo.…”