Ultrasonographic evaluation of gastric content and volume: a systematic review

Abstract

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Bronchoaspiration of gastric content is associated with high morbidity and mortality, but evaluating this complication is a difficult task. However, gastric ultrasonography can safely assess gastric content and prevent bronchoaspiration. Therefore, a systematic review was performed in order to verify the efficacy of ultrasonography in the qualitative and quantitative analyses of gastric content. METHODS: A literature review of articles published between 2009 and 2019 in the PubMed and LILACS databases was conducted using combinations of the keywords “gastric ultrasound,” “gastric emptying,” and “gastric content.” RESULTS: Of the 20 articles found, 19 chose the antral region as the best site for qualitative analysis of the gastric content. Regarding quantitative measurement, the most commonly used method to calculate the gastric volume in eight articles was the formula “Gastric Volume = 27 + (14.6 × ATAG) − (1.28 × Age),” in which the area of the transverse section of the gastric antrum (ATAG) could also be calculated by the largest antral diameters or by free tracing. CONCLUSION: An efficient evaluation of the gastric content can be performed by ultrasonography of the antral region, contributing to greater safety in the clinical management of patients with increased risk for bronchoaspiration during airway management.

"Gastric Regurgitation During Induction of Anesthesia Due to Inadequate Drainage of the Nasogastric Tube: A Case Analysis"

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In vitro models to evaluate ingestible devices: Present status and current trends

“…There are reviews on this topic with gastric residual volumes typically being 0.3-2.8 mL*kg -1 (e.g. [105][106][107]). Gastric volumes are of interest in drug product performance as many drugs have poor solubility thus low gastric or intestinal volumes can hinder absorption and subsequent exposure.…”

Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of incidentally detected hyperechoic liver lesions: comparison of two modalities in terms of detection, diagnosis, and morphological features

“…US echogenicity increases in many instances, including the presence of steatosis, calcification, fibrosis, and gas 1 . Benign lesions, such as hemangioma, focal steatosis, lipoma, hamartoma, and focal fibrosis, as well as malignant lesions, e.g., primary and secondary malignancies, are considered in the differential diagnosis of hyperechoic liver lesions 2,3 . This study presents the results of the dynamic MRI examinations of focal hyperechoic liver lesions detected incidentally on US.…”