“…[38] Despite recent advances in IBD therapeutic, a high proportion of patients remain refractory to conventional treatment (e.g., sulfasalazine, aminosalicylates, cortisols, and immunosuppressants), so treatment options for moderately to severely active UC remain limited. [39] Anti-TNF-α agents such as infliximab, adalimumab, and golimumab, as well as anti-integrin agents such as vedolizumab, are usually the primary therapy for moderate-to-severe UC, and current evidence supports infliximab or vedolizumab as first-line therapy for moderate-to-severe UC, [39,40] but anti-TNF therapy appears to increase the risk of VTE in inflammatory disease. Infliximab can induce antiphospholipid antibodies, which can cause coagulation abnormalities by damaging endothelial and PLT functions, and then increase the risk of VTE.…”