Systematic review of the synergist muscle ablation model for compensatory hypertrophy

Terena, Stella Maris Lins; Fernandes, Kristianne Porta Santos; Bussadori, Sandra Kalil; Deana, Alessandro Melo; Mesquita‐Ferrari, Raquel Agnelli

doi:10.1590/1806-9282.63.02.164

Cited by 30 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 62 publications

(157 reference statements)

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“…In this model, restoration of muscle function is dependent on de-novo muscle fiber formation via the proliferation, differentiation, and fusion of MuSCs (myofiber regeneration) (43). In contrast, functional muscle overload induced by synergist ablation results in mild myofiber damage, and ensuing adaptive tissue remodeling occurs mainly as a result of compensatory growth of pre-existing muscle cells (myofiber hypertrophy) (71). We show here that both interventions resulted in rapid infiltration of muscle by PMNs, their subsequent disappearance, and a persistent intramuscular MΦ presence.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunoresolvents Support Skeletal Myofiber Regeneration via Actions on Myeloid and Muscle Stem Cells

Markworth

Brown

Lim

et al. 2020

Preprint

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150-word limit):Specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) actively limit inflammation and expedite its resolution. Here we profiled intramuscular lipid mediators following injury and investigated the role of SPMs in skeletal muscle inflammation and repair. Both eicosanoids and SPMs increased following myofiber damage induced by intramuscular injection of barium chloride or functional overload. Daily systemic administration of resolvin D1 (RvD1) limited the degree and duration of inflammation, enhanced regenerating myofiber growth, and improved recovery of muscle strength. RvD1 suppressed inflammatory cytokines, enhanced polymorphonuclear cell clearance, modulated muscle stem cells, and polarized macrophages to a more pro-regenerative subset. RvD1 had minimal direct impact on in-vitro myogenesis but directly suppressed myokine production and stimulated macrophage phagocytosis, showing that SPMs influence modulate both infiltrating myeloid and resident muscle cells. These data reveal the efficacy of immunoresolvents as a novel alternative to classical anti-inflammatory interventions in the management of muscle injuries to modulate inflammation while stimulating tissue repair.3 Introduction:

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunoresolvents Support Skeletal Myofiber Regeneration via Actions on Myeloid and Muscle Stem Cells

Markworth

Brown

Lim

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…; Terena et al. ), may be a useful model to study tendinopathy. For example, the synergist ablation model where the Achilles is removed to overload the synergist plantaris tendon, leads to increased matrix production and thickened plantaris tendon after 4 weeks (Gumucio et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The plantaris tendon, on the other hand, bears a highstress in vivo (Rijkelijkhuizen et al 2005) and has a physiological structure that includes the muscle-tendon junction and blood vessels. In addition, synergist ablation, an established rat model applied to study overuse-induced muscle hypertrophy (Goodman et al 2011;Kirby et al 2016;Terena et al 2017), may be a useful model to study tendinopathy. For example, the synergist ablation model where the Achilles is removed to overload the synergist plantaris tendon, leads to increased matrix production and thickened plantaris tendon after 4 weeks (Gumucio et al 2014;Schwartz et al 2015).…”

Section: Comparative Anatomy Of Rat Tendonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative multi‐scale hierarchical structure of the tail, plantaris, and Achilles tendons in the rat

Lee

Elliott

2018

Journal of Anatomy

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Rodent tendons are widely used to study human pathologies such as tendinopathy and repair, and to address fundamental physiological questions about development, growth, and remodeling. However, how the gross morphology and multi‐scale hierarchical structure of rat tendons, such as the tail, plantaris, and Achilles tendons, compare with that of human tendons are unknown. In addition, there remains disagreement about terminology and definitions. Specifically, the definitions of fascicle and fiber are often dependent on diameter sizes, not their characteristic features, and these definitions impair the ability to compare hierarchical structure across species, where the sizes of the fiber and fascicle may change with animal size and tendon function. Thus, the objective of the study was to select a single species that is commonly used for tendon research (rat) and tendons with varying mechanical functions (tail, plantaris, Achilles) to evaluate the hierarchical structure at multiple length scales using histology, SEM, and confocal imaging. With the exception of the specialized rat tail tendon, we confirmed that in rat tendons there are no fascicles and the fiber is the largest subunit. In addition, we provided a structurally based definition of a fiber as a bundle of collagen fibrils that is surrounded by elongated cells, and this definition was supported by both histologically processed and unprocessed samples. In all rat tendons studied, the fiber diameters were consistently between 10 and 50 μm, and this diameter range appears to be conserved across larger species. Specific recommendations were made highlighting the strengths and limitations of each rat tendon as a research model. Understanding the hierarchical structure of tendon can advance the design and interpretation of experiments and development of tissue‐engineered constructs.

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“…To determine whether raptor is necessary for mechanically induced hypertrophy, we first attempted to use the synergist ablation model of mechanical overload. To date, synergist ablation has been the most widely used rodent model for inducing muscle hypertrophy and defining the underlying mechanisms that regulate this process (31,32). Synergist ablation involves the surgical removal of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles, and as a result, the plantaris muscle is subjected to chronic mechanical overload and adapts with a robust hypertrophic response.…”

Section: Characterization Of the Skeletal Muscle Specific And Inducibmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of raptor in the mechanical load‐induced regulation of mTOR signaling, protein synthesis, and skeletal muscle hypertrophy

et al. 2018

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It is well known that an increase in mechanical loading can induce skeletal muscle hypertrophy, and a long standing model in the field indicates that mechanical loads induce hypertrophy via a mechanism that requires signaling through the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). Specifically, it has been widely proposed that mechanical loads activate signaling through mTORC1 and that this, in turn, promotes an increase in the rate of protein synthesis and the subsequent hypertrophic response. However, this model is based on a number of important assumptions that have not been rigorously tested. In this study, we created skeletal muscle specific and inducible raptor knockout mice to eliminate signaling by mTORC1, and with these mice we were able to directly demonstrate that mechanical stimuli can activate signaling by mTORC1, and that mTORC1 is necessary for mechanical load‐induced hypertrophy. Surprisingly, however, we also obtained multiple lines of evidence that indicate that mTORC1 is not required for a mechanical load‐induced increase in the rate of protein synthesis. This observation highlights an important shortcoming in our understanding of how mechanical loads induce hypertrophy and illustrates that additional mTORC1‐independent mechanisms play a critical role in this process.—You, J.‐S., McNally, R. M., Jacobs, B. L., Privett, R. E., Gundermann, D. M., Lin, K.‐H., Steinert, N. D., Goodman, C. A., Hornberger, T. A. The role of raptor in the mechanical load‐induced regulation of mTOR signaling, protein synthesis, and skeletal muscle hypertrophy. FASEB J. 33, 4021–4034 (2019). http://www.fasebj.org

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Systematic review of the synergist muscle ablation model for compensatory hypertrophy

Cited by 30 publications

References 62 publications

Immunoresolvents Support Skeletal Myofiber Regeneration via Actions on Myeloid and Muscle Stem Cells

Immunoresolvents Support Skeletal Myofiber Regeneration via Actions on Myeloid and Muscle Stem Cells

Comparative multi‐scale hierarchical structure of the tail, plantaris, and Achilles tendons in the rat

The role of raptor in the mechanical load‐induced regulation of mTOR signaling, protein synthesis, and skeletal muscle hypertrophy

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