Decreased ovarian reserve and ovarian morphological alterations in female rat offspring exposed to a ketogenic maternal diet

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluates the effects of a ketogenic diet on morphology and follicle reserve.METHOD: Sixteen Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into two groups: standard diet group (n=8) and ketogenic diet group (n=8).Rats were time mated. Dams were permitted to deliver spontaneously. The animals were monitored for the onset of puberty. All the rats were weighed and anesthetized, serum anti-Müllerian hormone level was measured, and the oviducts were removed. The morphological characteristics of follicles were determined and total ovarian volumes were calculated. RESULTS:The mean ovarian volume was statistically significantly lower in the ketogenic diet group compared to the standard diet group (14.41±0.99 mm 3 versus 18.89±1.28 mm 3 ) (p=0.000). The mean number of antral follicles was 13.63±1.80 in the standard diet group and 4.462±0.760 in the ketogenic diet group. The mean ovarian weight of the ketogenic diet group was significantly lower than that of the standard diet group (0.42±0.06 g versus 0.815±107 g). The mean anti-Müllerian hormone levels were significantly higher in the standard diet group compared to the ketogenic diet group (1.023±4.75 ng/mL versus 0.69±0.07 ng/mL) (p=0.000). The mean percentage of staining of Ki-67 was 35.28±4.75 in the standard diet group and 16.98±3.33 in the ketogenic diet group (p=0.000).CONCLUSION: Maternal ketogenic diet reduces ovarian follicular reserve in female offspring and has important implications for maintaining reproductive potential at a population level.