Helping hands: intentional communities and social capital development. Evidence from Portugal

Abstract

Introduction: Building upon the theoretical frameworks of Pierre Bourdieu and Nan Lin regarding social capital, this study examined the capacity of two Portuguese intentional communities (ICs) to cultivate and promote social capital. Our goal was to assess the decommodification potential of these alternative social structures and their role in mitigating social inequality. Materials and methods: Our data collection involved a combination of participant observation and semi-structured interviews. Additionally, we employed slightly adapted versions of social capital mapping and measurement techniques, incorporating the identification of contacts with prestigious positions/occupations (Position-Generator) and access to relevant resources (Resource-Generator). Results: Our findings indicate that social networks developed in the context of intentional communities can play a crucial role in promoting the accumulation of economic benefits and human capital, as well as in fostering the development of social identity and offering emotional support. However, notable disparities emerged between the two case studies concerning their capacity to reduce market dependence and the value of the different forms of mobilized social capital. In one instance, community economies based on collective, profitable activities effectively addressed basic needs through communal labour. Conversely, in the other case, while community economies based on individual enterprises reduced the personal costs associated with meeting basic needs, this led to increased dependence on external, temporary employment. Within this context, individual social capital, such as intra-community relationships, emerges as pivotal for securing economic gains, such as enhanced employability and the acquisition of new skills. Discussion: The internal structure of intentional communities directly impacts the development of social capital and the reduction of market dependence, thereby playing a crucial role in promoting equality and inclusion. While intentional communities offer emotional benefits, they may also present barriers to entry for individuals with limited financial resources. Continued longitudinal studies are essential to assess whether the initial diversity within these communities translates into social equality and to identify the contributing factors to such outcomes.