Application of nano-antibiotics in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases

Abstract

Infectious diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. Thus, nanotechnology provides an excellent opportunity to treat drug-resistant microbial infections. Numerous antibiotics have been used to inhibit the growth and kill of microbes, but the development of resistance and the emergence of side effects have severely limited the use of these agents. Due to the development of the nanotechnology, nanoparticles are widely used as antimicrobials. Silver and chitosan nanoparticles have antifungal, antiviral and antibacterial properties, and many studies confirm the antifungal properties of silver nanoparticles. Nowadays, the use of nanoparticles in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases has developed due to less side effects and also the help of these particles in effective drug delivery to the target tissue. Liposomes are also used as carriers of drug delivery, genes, and modeling of cell membranes in both animals and humans. The ability of these liposomes to encapsulate large amounts of drugs, minimize unwanted side effects, high effectiveness and low toxicity has attracted the interest of researchers. This review article examines recent efforts by researchers to identify and treat infectious diseases using antimicrobial nanoparticles and drug nano-carriers.

A graphene oxide/polyaniline nanocomposite biosensor: synthesis, characterization, and electrochemical detection of bilirubin

“…Finally, after 24 h, the prepared electrode was washed with 5 ml of the phosphate buffer solution to remove the unbound enzyme. 74–76…”

“…Finally, aer 24 h, the prepared electrode was washed with 5 ml of the phosphate buffer solution to remove the unbound enzyme. [74][75][76] 2.6 Response measurement and optimization factors of the BOx/GO@PANI/ITO electrode Cyclic voltammetry measurements were carried out utilizing three electrodes with three mixture solutions as an electrolyte containing (10 ml, 0.1 M) KCl, (5 ml, 0.1 M, pH 7.5) sodium phosphate buffer, and (0.1 ml, 0.1 mM) of bilirubin with a potential range between −0.4 to 0.4 V. To determine the optimum concentration of the enzyme, the reaction was executed at different enzyme concentrations in the range of 100 to 500 IU. Many factors, such as pH impact, bilirubin concentration, temperature, and incubation time were studied to optimize the performance of the BOx/GO@PANI/ITO electrode.…”