Use of eugenol for anesthesia of lesser guitarfish Zapteryx brevirostris (Rhinobatidae)

Abstract

Anesthesia can be utilized as a non-lethal procedure to allow easy handling of teleosts and elasmobranchs in captivity or in the wild. For this, anesthetic protocols need to be established according to the species. The aim of this study was to determine the ideal concentration of eugenol for anesthesia of Zapteryx brevirostris. Four concentrations were tested: 21.25, 42.50, 85.00 and 170.00 mg L-1 (ratio of 1:5 with absolute ethanol). The perfect concentration of eugenol for this species was 85.0 mg L-1 , which enabled up to 300 seconds of work on the fish, without any response to handling.

Eugenol and Lippia Alba Essential Oils as Effective Anesthetics for the Amazonian Freshwater Stingray Potamotrygon Wallacei (Chondrichthyes, Potamotrygonidae)

“…In this study, the stingrays anesthetized with eugenol showed long recovery times, a response that differs from that observed for viola ray, Z. brevirostris, anesthetized with 85 mg L − 1 eugenol (Takatsuka et al 2019). Conversely, juveniles of P. wallacei showed considerably shorter recovery times (4.2 min) after anesthesia, which are coincident to those observed in teleost sh (Marking and Meyer 1985;Keene et al 1998), suggesting that eugenol can act differently in freshwater stingrays when compared to marine elasmobranchs.…”

Eugenol and Lippia alba essential oils as effective anesthetics for the Amazonian freshwater stingray Potamotrygon wallacei (Chondrichthyes, Potamotrygonidae)

“…Considering the lack of data in the literature on the use of eugenol in freshwater stingrays, pilot studies were conducted to re ne the range of variation of acceptable eugenol levels for P. wallacei. In these experiments, juveniles (n = 3 for each concentration) with a disc width of 110.7 ± 36.5 mm and weight of 109.5 ± 30.7 g were exposed to increasing concentrations of eugenol, i.e., 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 200 and 300 µL L − 1 , established from previous studies conducted with marine stingray and shark species (Stamper 2004;Grusha 2005;Takatsuka et al 2019).…”

“…Anesthetics are also used in sh during management procedures to reduce the secondary responses to stress (Marshall et al 2012;Husen and Sharma 2014). Cortisol is the main parameter for assessing the stress response in teleost sh (Wendelaar Bonga 1997; Balasch and Tort 2019), while in elasmobranchs, this role is attributed to 1-α hydroxycorticosterone, a steroid hormone produced by interrenal cells (Idler and Truscott 1966 In recent years, the search for anesthetics of natural origin as an alternative to replace chemical anesthetics has intensi ed, for both teleost (Hoseini et al 2019;Souza et al 2019a) and marine elasmobranch species (Silbernagel and Yochem 2016;Takatsuka et al 2019). Eugenol is the major component (80-90%) of the oil initially extracted from the clove Syzygium aromaticum, a plant species that originated in Indonesia and spread worldwide due to its plentiful medicinal and pharmacological properties (Lorenzini and Matos 2008;Ascenção and Filho 2013).…”

“…Considering its natural source, low cost and anesthetic e ciency, eugenol has become one of the main options for bath anesthesia and sedation in teleost sh (Hoseini et al 2019;Souza et al 2019a). In anesthetic trials using eugenol for the marine ray Zapteryx brevirostris, safe induction and good recovery times were observed (Takatsuka et al 2019). On the other hand, the exposure of marine sharks, i.e.…”

Anesthesia or seizure-like behavior? The effects of two Amazonian plants, Acmella oleracea and Piper alatabaccum in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

“…Searching for better alternatives for fish anesthesia, researches have performed experiments using secondary metabolites extracted from plants (Hoseini et al, 2019), such as menthol, which is extracted from essential oils of Mentha arvensis L. (Pádua et al, 2010;Sepulchro et al, 2016), and eugenol or clove oil, which is extracted from plant organs as stems, leaves and flowers of Indian clove Syzygium aromaticum L. (Roubach et al, 2005;Hamackova et al, 2006;Gonçalves et al, 2008;Fernandes et al, 2017). Both of those anesthetic solutions are nowadays the most used natural compounds for fish anesthesia (Roubach et al, 2005;Gonçalves et al, 2008;Mazandarani and Hoseini, 2017;Romaneli et al, 2018;Takatsuka et al, 2019;Ribeiro et al, 2019). However, in spite of their benefits, such as suppression of cortisol levels' in the Pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus (S. A. Forbes and R. E. Richardson, 1905) (Fenn et al, 2013), they can also implicate in negative side effects to the animals.…”