Longitudinal measurement invariance of neuropsychological tests in a diverse sample from the ELSA-Brasil study

Bertola, Laiss; Gross, Alden L.; Caramelli, Paulo; Barreto, Sandhi Maria; Moreno, Arlinda B.; Griep, Rosane Härter; Viana, María Carmen; Lotufo, Paulo A; Suemoto, Cláudia Kimie

doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2020-0978

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Defined factors remained invariant for 2 years. Similar studies concentrated on the two factors, namely, memory and executive functioning extracted out of large test batteries over periods of up to 8 years (Bertola et al., 2021; Williams, Chandola, & Pendleton, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement invariance testing of longitudinal neuropsychiatric test scores distinguishes pathological from normative cognitive decline and highlights its potential in early detection research

Haberstumpf

Forster

Leinweber³

et al. 2021

Journal of Neuropsychology

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Objective Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a growing challenge worldwide, which is why the search for early‐onset predictors must be focused as soon as possible. Longitudinal studies that investigate courses of neuropsychological and other variables screen for such predictors correlated to mild cognitive impairment (MCI). However, one often neglected issue in analyses of such studies is measurement invariance (MI), which is often assumed but not tested for. This study uses the absence of MI (non‐MI) and latent factor scores instead of composite variables to assess properties of cognitive domains, compensation mechanisms, and their predictability to establish a method for a more comprehensive understanding of pathological cognitive decline. Methods An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and a set of increasingly restricted confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) were conducted to find latent factors, compared them with the composite approach, and to test for longitudinal (partial‐)MI in a neuropsychiatric test battery, consisting of 14 test variables. A total of 330 elderly (mean age: 73.78 ± 1.52 years at baseline) were analyzed two times (3 years apart). Results EFA revealed a four‐factor model representing declarative memory, attention, working memory, and visual–spatial processing. Based on CFA, an accurate model was estimated across both measurement timepoints. Partial non‐MI was found for parameters such as loadings, test‐ and latent factor intercepts as well as latent factor variances. The latent factor approach was preferable to the composite approach. Conclusion The overall assessment of non‐MI latent factors may pose a possible target for this field of research. Hence, the non‐MI of variances indicated variables that are especially suited for the prediction of pathological cognitive decline, while non‐MI of intercepts indicated general aging‐related decline. As a result, the sole assessment of MI may help distinguish pathological from normative aging processes and additionally may reveal compensatory neuropsychological mechanisms.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement invariance testing of longitudinal neuropsychiatric test scores distinguishes pathological from normative cognitive decline and highlights its potential in early detection research

Haberstumpf

Forster

Leinweber³

et al. 2021

Journal of Neuropsychology

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“…We generated z ‐scores by subtracting the sample mean score in each test from the participant's score and dividing the difference by the standard deviation (SD) of the sample (Bertola et al, 2020, 2021). Therefore, a z ‐score of −1 describes a cognitive performance that is 1 SD below the mean sample score.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We assessed the cognitive function using the following tests: (i) the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease Word List Memory Test (CERAD-WLMT) (Morris et al, 1989); (ii) the phonemic and semantic verbal fluency tests (Fichman et al, 2009); and (iii) the Trail Making Test version B (TMT) (Greenlief, Margolis, & Erker, 1985). The neuropsychological evaluation of the ELSA-Brasil study showed baseline and longitudinal measurement invariance across the diverse sociodemographic profile of the cohort (Bertola et al, 2020(Bertola et al, , 2021. Trained examiners administered the tests in a fixed order during a single session for 15 min.…”

Section: Cognitive Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between objective sleep measures and cognitive performance: a cross‐sectional analysis in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA‐Brasil) study

Suemoto

Santos

Giatti

et al. 2022

Journal of Sleep Research

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Sleep disturbances often co-exist, which challenges our understanding of their potential impact on cognition. We explored the cross-sectional associations of insomnia and objective measures of sleep with cognitive performance in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) study stratified by middle-aged and older adults.Participants aged ≥55 years underwent cognitive evaluations, polygraphy for 1 night, and actigraphy for 7 days. Insomnia was evaluated using the Clinical Interview Scheduled Revised. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and short sleep duration (SSD) were defined by an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) of ≥15 events/h and <6 h/ night, respectively. In 703 participants (mean [SD] age 62 [6] years, 44% men), cognition was evaluated using a 10-word list, verbal fluency, and trail-making tests. The frequencies of insomnia, SSD, and OSA were 11%, 24%, and 33%, respectively. In all, 4% had comorbid OSA and insomnia, and 11% had both OSA and SSD. Higher wake after sleep onset (β = À0.004, 95% confidence interval [CI] À0.008, À0.001) and the number of awakenings (β = À0.006, 95% CI À0.012, À0.001) were associated with worse verbal fluency performance. Compared to those without insomnia, older participants with insomnia had worse global performance (β = À0.354, 95% CI À0.671, À0.038).Insomnia was an effect modifier in the associations between AHI and executive function performance (p for the interaction between insomnia and AHI = 0.004) and between oxygen saturation <90% and memory performance (p for the interaction between insomnia and oxygen saturation = 0.02). Although some associations between sleep measures and cognition were significant, they should be considered with caution due to the large sample size and multiple testing performed in this study.

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“…The total score was the number of recited words. Due to the difference in the verbal fluency tasks between the two assessments, the second wave scores were calculated through the score equalization procedure [16].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex differences in the association between alcohol intake and cognitive decline over 4 years in a middle‐aged cohort: The Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health

Salvador

Giatti

Viana

et al. 2022

Euro J of Neurology

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Background and purpose The association between alcohol intake and cognitive decline has been widely studied. Sex differences and cognitive domains affected by alcohol intake patterns make this topic complex. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of alcohol intake on cognition in middle‐aged participants in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health by sex during 4 years of follow‐up. Methods A total of 7595 participants (55% women) aged between 50 and 75 years at baseline were assessed. Semantic and phonemic fluency, memory, and executive functions were assessed at baseline (2008–2010) and repeated during Visit 2. Linear mixed models were used to investigate the association between cognition and current abstainers, never drinkers, light drinkers, moderate drinkers, and heavy drinkers. Results Heavy alcohol intake accentuated the decline in executive functions for men (β = −0.01, p < 0.05), and in semantic fluency (β = −0.02, p < 0.05) and memory (β = −0.02, p < 0.05) for women. Never drinker men also showed an accentuated decline in semantic fluency (β = −0.02, p < 0.01). Moderate alcohol intake slowed cognitive decline in phonemic fluency for men (β = 0.02, p < 0.01) and women (β = 0.01, p < 0.01), and in executive functions (β = 0.01, p < 0.05) for women. Conclusions Having more than 14 drinks per week can impact executive functions in men and memory in women. In addition, alcohol consumption of seven to 14 drinks per week may have a protective effect on gender‐specific cognitive functions. These findings should be considered in public health policies and guidelines on alcohol and cognitive aging.

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Longitudinal measurement invariance of neuropsychological tests in a diverse sample from the ELSA-Brasil study

Cited by 9 publications

References 35 publications

Measurement invariance testing of longitudinal neuropsychiatric test scores distinguishes pathological from normative cognitive decline and highlights its potential in early detection research

Measurement invariance testing of longitudinal neuropsychiatric test scores distinguishes pathological from normative cognitive decline and highlights its potential in early detection research

Association between objective sleep measures and cognitive performance: a cross‐sectional analysis in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA‐Brasil) study

Sex differences in the association between alcohol intake and cognitive decline over 4 years in a middle‐aged cohort: The Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health

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