“…However, by 2030, the incidence of first stroke is predicted to increase within the range of 57–67 % due to population growth in Saudi Arabia ( Al-Senani et al, 2019 ). Despite the progress in stroke management, many patients continue to encounter poor outcomes and endure disabilities ( Al Shoyaib et al, 2021 , Alamri et al, 2021 , Moraes et al, 2023 ). Given the odds reduction of mortality, clinical severity, and complications when stroke patients have earlier access to clinical care and earlier outcome prediction ( Alharbi et al, 2022 ), finding novel and more predictive biomarkers for stroke outcome prediction will not only facilitate earlier diagnosis but also improve short and long-term clinical care ( Glushakova et al, 2016 ), and help to mitigate the economic burden associated with stroke ( Basri et al, 2021 ).…”