Clustering of cardiovascular disease risk factors among first-year students at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria: a cross-sectional study

Abstract

INTRODUCTIONCardiovascular disease (CVD) is a global public health problem and a leading cause of disability-adjusted life years in 2019. 1 Most of these risk factors are caused by unhealthy lifestyles and habits; therefore, they are sometimes referred to as lifestyle risk factors and include smoking, tobacco, and excessive alcohol use, poor dietary patterns, and physical inactivity. Adolescents and young adults are particularly susceptible to these CVD risk factors in both developing and developed countries. 2,3 Nearly all deaths from CVD occur among young people in Africa than in Europe and North America. 4 Modifiable behaviors like physical inactivity, tobacco use, unhealthy diet and harmful alcohol consumption increase the risk of CVDs. 5 About 38% of men and 40% of women aged at 18 years or older were overweight in 2014, and this figure is more than double the rate between 1980 and 2015. 4 In Nigeria, the prevalence of overweight and obesity is 26.8% and 6.5%, respectively according to WHO. 6 In southwestern Nigeria, a study revealed that only 60% of university undergraduates consumed the minimum recommended number of servings of grain (cereal) foods, while 60%, 85%, and 40% of students did not meet the recommended daily allowance for protein, calcium, and iron respectively. 7 Globally, 23% of men and 32% of women over the age of 18 years were insufficiently physically active in 2016. 8 Not having sufficient physical activity is one of the ten leading risk factors for global mortality. These people have at 20%-30% increased risk in all-cause mortality compared with those who engage in at least 150 minutes in moderate-intensity physical activity per week,

Rastreamento dos fatores de risco cardiovascular em estudantes de medicina

“…Jang e Kim (2019) verificaram que 24,9% dos estudantes universitários coreanos praticavam exercícios regularmente. E divergindo dos achados desta pesquisa, Olufayo et al (2022) verificaram inatividade física em 94,5% dos universitários.…”

“…De modo semelhante, Jang e Kim (2019) verificaram entre coreanos que 58,5% eram exclusivamente estudantes.Quando se trata do hábito de fumar, 84,51% disseram não fumar, no entanto, dentre os fumantes 7,04% relatou a utilização de cigarro eletrônico (7,04%). Dados corroborados na pesquisa deOlufayo et al (2022) onde apenas 1,6% dos estudantes relataram tabagismo. Resultados contraditórios foram verificados por Jang e Kim(2019) em que 22,7% dos estudantes e Güneş et al(2019) na Turquia, onde foi observado que 31,6% dos homens e 18,4% das mulheres eram fumantes ativos de 11 a 20 cigarros/dia.…”

The Effect of Extreme Temperature and Air Pollutant on Cardiovascular Disease in Ondo-State Nigeria

“…Olufayo et al [14] examine the risk variables for cardiovascular disease (CVD) among first-year students at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. The investigation uncovers alarming patterns, such as smoking, alcohol drinking, lack of physical activity, and unhealthy eating habits among the individuals.…”