The Role of Carbon Black on Devulcanization of Natural Rubber by Microwaves

Sousa, Fabiula Danielli Bastos de; Scuracchio, Carlos Henrique

doi:10.1590/1516-1439.004915

Cited by 26 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 60 publications

(97 reference statements)

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“…In order to reduce this problem, some devulcanization techniques have been largely used in the recycled phase such as microwave devulcanization. It is a promising way of recycling since the results presented by the literature depicted the ability of the devulcanized elastomers to flow and to be remolded [9,23,28,29,46,47]. Figure 7 shows the SEM micrographs of some samples.…”

Section: Morphologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship among Vulcanization, Mechanical Properties and Morphology of Blends Containing Recycled EPDM

2017

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Abstract:The production of consumption goods made of elastomer generates large amounts of vulcanized residues. The final proper environmental disposal of this material is a serious problem, which involves high costs and a possible waste of a material with high added value. The recycling of elastomers is a very important alternative since it is related directly to the protection of the environment, energy conservation, and sustainability. An option for companies that produce elastomeric residues is their incorporation in the formulations by producing polymeric blends. Thus, this work aims to prepare polymeric blends composed of ethylene-propylene diene monomer rubber (EPDM) and raw EPDM/EPDM residue (EPDM-r) in different concentrations, when the residue is ground at room temperature. The morphology of the residue, vulcanization characteristics, mechanical properties, and morphology of the blends were analyzed, showing promising results that point to the feasibility of using EPDM-r in the production of polymeric blends and as a possible solution to the problem of the final disposal of solid residues.

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Section: Morphologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship among Vulcanization, Mechanical Properties and Morphology of Blends Containing Recycled EPDM

2017

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“…dGTR can be rated based on its sol fraction, which can be measured by Soxhlet extraction or by studying the effect of its addition to virgin rubber mixtures: NR‐based or styrene‐butadiene rubber (SBR)‐based mixtures . Many studies focused on the exposure time of GTR to microwaves.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microwave devulcanization of ground tire rubber and applicability in SBR compounds

Simon

Pirityi

Tamás‐Bényei

et al. 2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Rubber recycling is a major environmental challenge, as their covalently crosslinked structure makes it impossible to reprocess via conventional polymer processing technologies. Devulcanization of rubber waste, whereby crosslinks are selectively broken, may provide a solution, as it allows it to be remolded into new shapes. We used two types of ground tire rubbers (GTRs) for this study; mechanically ground and waterjet‐milled GTRs with different particle sizes. First, we revealed the effects of GTR particle size on the devulcanization process. We examined the sol content of the samples before and after devulcanization with two different microwave ovens, a power‐controlled conventional one, and a temperature‐controlled laboratory oven. In the latter one, heating rate and maximum temperature were controlled. We studied the effects of temperature, atmosphere in which the rubber was treated, heating rate, and holding time at maximum temperature. We prepared styrene‐butadiene rubber‐based rubber compounds containing GTR and optimally devulcanized GTR (dGTR_WJ). The physical and mechanical properties of the samples were assessed. The results indicate that both GTR_WJ and dGTR_WJ have an accelerating and a mildly softening effect on curing and dGTR_WJ has a less significant negative effect on mechanical properties: 15 phr GTR_WJ has the same effect as 45 phr dGTR_WJ. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Applied Polymer Science published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48351.

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“…So, the process is considered an eco‐friendly technology in present times . Literature provides a plethora of works dealing with devulcanization by microwaves of different kinds of elastomers like styrene‐butadiene rubber (SBR), ethylene‐propylene diene monomer rubber (EPDM), natural rubber (NR), butyl rubber (IIR) and ground tire rubber (GTR) . All of them proved that devulcanization by microwaves is an effective technique, able to break the crosslinkings and to provide the capability of rubber to flow again.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of reversion in compounds containing recycled natural rubber: In search of sustainable processing

Sousa

Zanchet

Scuracchio

2017

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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The influence of rubber devulcanization by microwaves in the reversion behavior is still modestly explored in the literature. The reversion occurs due to thermal degradation of unstable crosslinkings formed during the vulcanization process. This phenomenon results in poor final mechanical properties of the artifacts. In this work, some formulations based on natural rubber (NR) with the incorporation of NR devulcanized by microwaves at different exposure times to the microwaves were vulcanized by compression molding at the same temperature and time used for the study of their vulcanization characteristics, in order to correlate the properties obtained and understand the influence of the reversion on the mechanical properties. The results showed that levels of devulcanization/degradation of the recycled phase, as well as the additional heating time influenced on the behavior of reversion and, consequently, on the mechanical properties. the influence of density and crosslinking type in the mechanical properties of rubber has been studied by various authors, 4,6,7 since the stress-strain measurement is an indirect method for determining the crosslinking density. 5Currently, a big global problem is related to disposal of solid urban residues, and materials able to make this problem much worse are the vulcanized/cured elastomers. In the same way, the search for processes and/or sustainable materials is of great value, and it is directly related to the solution of this problem, since the use of recycled materials can reduce such problem. In addition, recycling not only protects the environment, but also saves the limited petroleum resources from which the raw material originates, 8 also being a source of income for many families around the world. The recycling method used in this work is the devulcanization by microwaves.Devulcanization is a way of providing energy to destroy, total or partially, the three-dimensional network formed during vulcanization. 9 Devulcanization by microwaves is a well-established recycling technique of vulcanized elastomers. Among its

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The Role of Carbon Black on Devulcanization of Natural Rubber by Microwaves

Cited by 26 publications

References 60 publications

Relationship among Vulcanization, Mechanical Properties and Morphology of Blends Containing Recycled EPDM

Relationship among Vulcanization, Mechanical Properties and Morphology of Blends Containing Recycled EPDM

Microwave devulcanization of ground tire rubber and applicability in SBR compounds

Influence of reversion in compounds containing recycled natural rubber: In search of sustainable processing

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