Exposure to varenicline protects against locomotor alteration in a MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease

Abstract

The beneficial effects of drugs that act via nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) on Parkinson's disease (PD) symptomatology may explain the negative correlation between cigarette smoking and risk of this neurological condition. Varenicline, an α4β2 nAChR partial agonist approved for smoking cessation treatments, could be valuable for PD treatment. Here, we investigated varenicline effects in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) PD mouse model. From postnatal day (PN) 90 to PN119, male C57BL/6 mice were exposed daily to varenicline (2 mg/kg) by gavage. After that, MPTP was injected (30 mg/kg, ip ) once a day for five days. At PN125, locomotor and anxiety-like effects were assessed with the open field test. At PN126, immobile behavior was assessed with the forced swimming test. At PN127, the frontal cerebral cortex was collected to evaluate dopamine and DOPAC levels. To verify whether varenicline was protective during the MPTP insult, a separate group of MPTP animals received varenicline from PN90 to PN124. MPTP reduced cortical dopamine content and increased dopamine turnover. Those effects were not reversed by varenicline treatment. Interestingly, varenicline reversed the MPTP-induced hyperactivity in the open field. Both maintenance of varenicline treatment during MPTP exposure or its interruption before MPTP exposure elicited similar results. No alterations were observed in anxiety-like behavior or in immobility time. Altogether, these findings suggested that varenicline treatment reduced the MPTP-induced hyperactivity, but did not protect against dopaminergic damage. Based on this partial protective effect, varenicline could exert neuroprotective effects on circuits that control motor activity in PD.

The defects of the hippocampal ripples and theta rhythm in depression, and the effects of physical exercise on their amelioration

“…The test was performed according to previous studies [ 11 , 13 , 14 , [17] , [18] , [19] , [20] , [21] ]. The mice were forced to swim for 6 min in a cylindrical vessel with 30 cm height and 10 cm diameter, filled with water at 24 °C.…”

“…The test was conducted in a white closed box (40 x 40 × 40 cm). The test was performed according to previous studies [ 11 , 12 , 18 , 19 , 22 , 23 ]. Mice were gently placed in the center of the box and freely explored.…”

The defects of the hippocampal ripples and theta rhythm in depression, and the effects of physical exercise on their amelioration

“…The test was performed according to previous studies [11,[13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. The mice were forced to swim for 6 min in a cylindrical vessel with 30 cm height and 10 cm diameter, filled with water at 24 .…”

“…The test was conducted in a white closed box (40 x 40 x 40 cm). The test was performed according to previous studies [11,12,16,17,20,21]. Mice were gently placed in the center of the box and freely explored.…”