Physical violence inside female prisons in Brazil: prevalence and related factors

Gama-Araujo, Isabelle Silva; Filho, José Gomes Bezerra; Kerr, Lígia Regina Franco Sansigolo; Kendall, Carl; Macena, Raimunda Hermelinda Maia; Mota, Rosa Salani; Ferreira, Marcelo José Monteiro; Neto, Roberto da Justa Pires

doi:10.1590/1413-81232020252.10842018

Cited by 12 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 24 publications

(44 reference statements)

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“…Among the incarcerated, the pattern is similar with 44.3% reported in Taiwan (Li and Lai, 2019) and above 60% in India (Raha et al, 2018). Unfortunately, insomnia is mostly undetected, ignored or untreated (Bhaskar et al, 2016), making it a concern for mental health professionals primarily because of its association with aggression (Barker et al, 2016), violence (Gama-Araujo et al, 2020) and suicide (Dewa et al, 2017) in prison settings.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 58%

Insomnia and quality of life of prisoners at a Nigerian maximum-security prison

Fakorede

Onifade

Majekodunmi

et al. 2021

IJPH

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Purpose This study aims to determine the prevalence of insomnia as well as its association with the quality of life of the inmates in a Nigerian prison. Prisoners are a disadvantaged group of people whose needs are often unmet. Many authors have focussed on investigating the prevalence and pattern of psychiatric morbidity, as well as substance use among prisoners. However, sleep disorders, which can predispose or precipitate psychiatric disorders, have been largely neglected in research. The relationship between insomnia and quality of life (QoL) among the general population has been documented but similar investigations have yet to be conducted among the prisoner population. Design/methodology/approach This was a cross-sectional study with 300 male prisoners at the Ibara prison, Abeokuta, Nigeria who were not diagnosed with depressive, generalized anxiety or post-traumatic stress disorders. Each respondent was interviewed with a sociodemographic proforma, Insomnia module of the Schedule for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry and the brief World Health Organisation Quality of Life questionnaire. Findings About half of the respondents (45.7%) met diagnostic criteria for insomnia. A diagnosis of insomnia and some sleep-related variables were significantly associated with QoL. Research limitations/implications All the possible correlates of insomnia could not be investigated. Further research should be conducted to identify more correlates and investigate the impact of insomnia on prisoners’ lives. Practical implications Improvement of prison climate (relationships in prison, safety and order, contact with the outside world, facilities, meaningful activities and autonomy) may mitigate insomnia among prisoners. Prison psychiatry in Nigerian correctional centres should be made a priority. Social implications The findings have brought to light the need to address the current social welfare system in place for Nigerian correctional centres. Originality/value The study provided information on the prevalence of insomnia and poor QoL among prisoners in a Nigerian correctional facility.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 58%

Insomnia and quality of life of prisoners at a Nigerian maximum-security prison

Fakorede

Onifade

Majekodunmi

et al. 2021

IJPH

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“…In Central and South America, the CEDAW report of Brazil in 2012 reports limited access to justice and sexual violence against women in detention (CEDAW, 2012a). Three empirical studies in Brazil observe the presence of continued power dynamics in female prisons, viewed as sites of exclusion characterized by a multiplicity of hostile and violence acts (Batista et al, 2020; Gama-Araujo et al, 2020; Scherer & Scherer, 2011). The UN CAT reports on femicide and GBVAW in detention in Argentina in 2017 (CAT, 2017a), and the CEDAW reports on ill treatments and invasive body searches of women in detention in 2016 (CEDAW, 2016b).…”

Section: Adopting the Bangkok Rules And Progress In Tackling Gbvaw In...mentioning

confidence: 99%

# Me Too: Global Progress in Tackling Continued Custodial Violence Against Women: The 10-Year Anniversary of the Bangkok Rules

Hout

Fleißner

Stöver

2021

Trauma, Violence, & Abuse

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On any given day, almost 11 million people globally are deprived of their liberty. In 2020, the global female population was estimated to be 741,000, an increase of 105,000 since 2010. In order to investigate progress in the adoption of the Bangkok Rules since 2010, we conducted a legal realist assessment based on a global scoping exercise of empirical research and United Nations (UN) reporting, using detailed MESH terms across university and UN databases. We found evidences in 91 documents which directly relate to violations of the Bangkok Rules in 55 countries. By developing a realist account, we document the precarious situation of incarcerated women and continued evidence of systemic failures to protect them from custodial violence and other gender-sensitive human rights breaches worldwide. Despite prison violence constituting a complex and multifaceted phenomenon, very little research (from the United States, Canada, Brazil, Mexico, and Australia) has been conducted on custodial violence against women since 2010. Although standards of detention itself is a focus of UN universal periodic review, special procedures (violence against women) and concluding observations by the UN committees, very few explicitly mentioned women, and the implications of violence against them while incarcerated. We highlight three central aspects that hinder the full implementation of the Bangkok Rules; the past decade of a continued invisible nature of women as prisoners in the system; the continued legitimization, normalization, and trivialization of violence under the pretext of security within their daily lives; and the unawareness and disregard of international (Bangkok and others) rules.

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“…People who have a history of incarceration have higher risks of depression [8], and multiple studies con rm a higher rate of suicide and depression among incarcerated persons in Europe and South America [7,[10][11][12]. Violence is also an important source of poor health that more frequently impacts incarcerated people of both sexes with 37.4% of incarcerated people in Brazilian women's prisons reporting experiencing physical violence [13]. Additionally, inadequate and ill-maintained facility infrastructure may limit access to food, water, and hygienic practices that may negatively impact health [14,15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inequalities in Health Risks and Outcomes Faced by Mexico’s Incarcerated Population

Hirsch,

Liu,

Escudero

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Incarcerated populations are particularly vulnerable. Few studies quantify the prevalence of health-related exposures and conditions among incarcerated people in comparison to the free-living people, especially for non-high-income countries. We studied incarcerated and free-living Mexican adults aged 20-79 in 2021 using the National Survey of the Incarcerated Population (ENPOL) and the National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT). For demographics, nutritional and sanitation exposures, behavioral risk factors, physical health conditions, and sexual and mental health conditions, we computed sex- and age group-specific prevalences for incarcerated and free-living people along with overall prevalences, age-standardized to the incarcerated population, accounting for the complex survey sampling designs. Compared to its free-living population, Mexico’s incarcerated population has higher frequencies of sexual assault (females: 3.4% versus 0.05% of free-living; males: 1.6% versus 0.06% of free-living), violence (females: 8.3% versus 2.1%; males: 9% versus 3.3%), and suicidality (females: 18% versus 12%; males: 12% versus 7.9%). There are also higher levels of inaccessibility of drinking water (females: 27% versus 3.5%; males: 18% versus 3.1%) and flushing toilets (females: 42% versus 29%; males: 48% versus 26%). Among incarcerated females, there is higher prevalence of smoking (37% versus 11%) and hypertension (17% versus 10%). Incarcerated people face less food insecurity (females: 7.4% versus 20%; males: 9.2% versus 18%) and higher proportions receive breast and Papanicolau exams. Targeted policies should address health inequalities faced by the Mexican incarcerated population, both by improving carceral living conditions and connecting incarcerated people with necessary public services upon release.

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Physical violence inside female prisons in Brazil: prevalence and related factors

Cited by 12 publications

References 24 publications

Insomnia and quality of life of prisoners at a Nigerian maximum-security prison

Insomnia and quality of life of prisoners at a Nigerian maximum-security prison

# Me Too: Global Progress in Tackling Continued Custodial Violence Against Women: The 10-Year Anniversary of the Bangkok Rules

Inequalities in Health Risks and Outcomes Faced by Mexico’s Incarcerated Population

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