Stress and Cognitive Reserve as independent factors of neuropsychological performance in healthy elderly

Cabral, João Carlos Centurion; Veleda, Gessyka Wanglon; Mazzoleni, Martina; Colares, Elton Pinto; Neiva-Silva, Lucas; Neves, Vera Torres das

doi:10.1590/1413-812320152111.17452015

Cited by 15 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…For the interpretation of this result it might be important to underline that education was also the only CR index to significantly correlate with SDMT performance [ r (91) = 0.24, p = 0.02]. It is possible to speculate that a high education level protects against speed of processing decline, in line with the literature ( Cabral et al, 2016 ; Ihle et al, 2016 ). This would also be consistent with biological accounts of processing speed linking this construct to white matter integrity ( Kerchner et al, 2012 ; Haász et al, 2013 ; Kuznetsova et al, 2016 ); also the original conceptualization of brain reserve, and subsequently CR, began with studies observing the beneficial effects of high education on brain pathologies affecting white matter connectivity ( Katzman et al, 1988 ; Katzman, 1993 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

“…Also research on non-pathological aging population is inconsistent on this point. Cabral et al (2016) found a relation between CR and EFs; however, CR was operationalized only with measures of education (years of education, school failure, school attendance), or strictly related to it (reading books, newspapers and number of languages spoken). When using a more complex CR questionnaire, correlations with EFs or related functions sometimes fail to emerge ( Puccioni and Vallesi, 2012b ; Léon et al, 2014 ; Arcara et al, 2017 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

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General Slowing and Education Mediate Task Switching Performance Across the Life-Span

2018

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Objective: This study considered the potential role of both protective factors (cognitive reserve, CR) and adverse ones (general slowing) in modulating cognitive flexibility in the adult life-span.Method: Ninety-eight individuals performed a task-switching (TS) paradigm in which we adopted a manipulation concerning the timing between the cue and the target. Working memory demands were minimized by using transparent cues. Additionally, indices of cognitive integrity, depression, processing speed and different CR dimensions were collected and used in linear models accounting for TS performance under the different time constraints.Results: The main results showed similar mixing costs and higher switching costs in older adults, with an overall age-dependent effect of general slowing on these costs. The link between processing speed and TS performance was attenuated when participants had more time to prepare. Among the different CR indices, formal education only was associated with reduced switch costs under time pressure.Discussion: Even though CR is often operationalized as a unitary construct, the present research confirms the benefits of using tools designed to distinguish between different CR dimensions. Furthermore, our results provide empirical support to the assumption that processing speed influence on executive performance depends on time constraints. Finally, it is suggested that whether age differences appear in terms of switch or mixing costs depends on working memory demands (which were low in our tasks with transparent cues).

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

General Slowing and Education Mediate Task Switching Performance Across the Life-Span

2018

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“…NIBS techniques improve cognitive function in low performers to a greater extent than in high performers, as reported in the meta-analysis by Hsu et al (2015). Because cognitive reserve correlates with cognitive performance in healthy populations (Cabral et al, 2016), these results are consistent with the hypothesis that individuals with low cognitive reserve will experience greater cognitive benefits from NIBS protocols than individuals with high cognitive reserve. In this context, a recent tDCS study conducted by Brosnan et al (2017) revealed that targeting the right frontoparietal network, which plays an important role in supporting cognitive reserve (Robertson, 2013(Robertson, , 2014, increased the processing speed of items appearing on the left hemifield during a visual attention task.…”

Section: A Rationale For Weighting the Subcomponents Of Multimodal Prsupporting

confidence: 79%

Interventional programmes to improve cognition during healthy and pathological ageing: Cortical modulations and evidence for brain plasticity

Cespón

Miniussi

Pellicciari

2018

Ageing Research Reviews

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A growing body of evidence suggests that healthy elderly individuals and patients with Alzheimer's disease retain an important potential for neuroplasticity. This review summarizes studies investigating the modulation of neural activity and structural brain integrity in response to interventions involving cognitive training, physical exercise and non-invasive brain stimulation in healthy elderly and cognitively impaired subjects (including patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease). Moreover, given the clinical relevance of neuroplasticity, we discuss how evidence for neuroplasticity can be inferred from the functional and structural brain changes observed after implementing these interventions. We emphasize that multimodal programmes, which combine several types of interventions, improve cognitive function to a greater extent than programmes that use a single interventional approach. We suggest specific methods for weighting the relative importance of cognitive training, physical exercise and non-invasive brain stimulation according to the functional and structural state of the brain of the targeted subject to maximize the cognitive improvements induced by multimodal programmes.

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“…In addition to a standardized memory complaints questionnaire (Benedet and Seisdedos, 1996 ), all the participants conducted an exhaustive neuropsychological evaluation to ensure that they performed within normal parameters and memory complaints were not objectively observed in a standardized neuropsychological assessment. In addition, years of education (reported in Table 1 ) were considered as proxy variable of cognitive reserve in order to avoid differences between groups in this variable, as cognitive reserve is thought to modulate executive functions (Corral et al, 2006 ; Cabral et al, 2016 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Event-Related Potentials Reveal Altered Executive Control Activity in Healthy Elderly With Subjective Memory Complaints

Cespón

Galdo‐Álvarez

Dı́az

2018

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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Several studies reported that healthy elderly with subjective memory complaints (SMC) evolve to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) more frequently than elderly without subjective memory decline. In the present study, we investigated event-related potentials (ERPs) associated to executive control processes taking place during the performance of a Simon task with two irrelevant dimensions (stimulus position and direction pointed by an arrow) in healthy elderly divided in low and high SMC (LSMC, HSMC) groups. P300 was studied as a correlate of working memory. Medial frontal negativity (MFN) was studied as a correlate of conflict monitoring. Whereas the LSMC group showed interference from the stimulus position, participants with HSMC showed interference from both irrelevant dimensions. P300 latency was longer and P300 amplitude was lower when the stimulus position was incompatible with the required response but differences between both groups were not observed. MFN was not modulated in the LSMC group; however, the HSMC group showed larger MFN when the stimulus position and/or the direction pointed by the arrow were incompatible with the required response. These results suggest that participants with HSMC deployed greater conflict monitoring activity to maintain the performance when the target stimulus contained conflictive spatial information.

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Stress and Cognitive Reserve as independent factors of neuropsychological performance in healthy elderly

Cited by 15 publications

References 51 publications

General Slowing and Education Mediate Task Switching Performance Across the Life-Span

General Slowing and Education Mediate Task Switching Performance Across the Life-Span

Interventional programmes to improve cognition during healthy and pathological ageing: Cortical modulations and evidence for brain plasticity

Event-Related Potentials Reveal Altered Executive Control Activity in Healthy Elderly With Subjective Memory Complaints

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