“…Self‐potential (SP) method has been widely applied in hydrogeological survey (Fernández‐Martínez, García‐Gonzalo, Fernández‐Alvarez, et al., 2010; Fernández‐Martínez, García‐Gonzalo, Naudet, 2010; Jardani et al., 2006; Oliveti & Cardarelli, 2019; Voytek et al., 2019), metal and non‐metal mineral exploration (Heritiana et al., 2019; Kawada & Kasaya, 2017) and pollutant diffusion monitoring (Abbas et al., 2017; Cui et al., 2017; Giampaolo et al., 2014) because it has the advantages of simple in principles, high in production efficiency, simple in equipment, free in secondary pollution and low in costs. However, the SP data will not be able to reflect the profile depth information without additional constraints, resulting in the SP method in engineering applications often stop at qualitative interpretations (Guireli‐Netto et al., 2020; Kawada & Kasaya, 2018; Shao et al., 2017). In some interpretation techniques, constraint information has been applied to improve the inversion accuracy.…”