Estimating the reduction of the firing temperature produced by the addition of energetic fluxes in porcelain tiles through the Fluegel’s model

Abstract

Reducing the firing temperature and accelerating the densification process bring economic and environmental benefits. This study used Fluegel’s viscosity model, developed for glasses, to estimate the decrease of the firing temperature produced by the introduction of energetic fluxes in a porcelain body. The experimental results confirmed the prediction of the model, a 30 ºC reduction in the temperature, for the addition of wollastonite. However, for the addition of spodumene, the reduction was slightly higher than the predicted. These results suggested that Fluegel’s model may be used to estimate the effects of the introduction of energetic fluxes in porcelain tile compositions. However, the predictions should be seen as a general orientation. Among the limitations of the model were the extrapolation of limit values established by the model for the composition and, above all, the initial hypothesis that the chemical composition of the vitreous phase in porcelain tiles is constant.

Effects of sintering temperature on microstructure and properties of sanitaryware ceramic produced with waste material

“…The water absorption values obtained with the Archimedes immersion method were in compliance with the values determined by the boiling method (Table II); in Sanitser VC, it was about half the value found in the conventional VC. The bulk density values obtained with this method were in compliance with the data of literature [46,47] and were in the range of 1.50 to 2.05 g/cm 3 [48]. The apparent porosity of Sanitser VC was about half of the conventional VC.…”

“…This greater compactness in the microstructure of the Sanitser VC was due to the blend used as raw material, which acted as a flux. It decreased the temperature of the liquid phase formation and the viscosity of the glassy phase [45,47,49]. The effect of fluxing ingredient used as an auxiliary component to help the sintering of ceramic product and the formation of the liquid phase in Sanitser VC is reported in the literature [13,21,50].…”

Evaluation of thermodynamic simulation (FactSage) for the interpretation of the presence of phases and the firing behavior of triaxial ceramics

“…Nevertheless, thermodynamic analysis can contribute to the understanding of some variables, mainly, the relationship between chemical composition, initial temperature of vitreous phase formation, and the type and proportion of the final phases. Some studies have shown interesting results in this area of estimating the properties of the vitreous phase and the ideal firing temperature [13][14][15].…”