Golden Apple Cherry Snail Shell as Catalyst for Heterogeneous Transesterification of Biodiesel

Abstract

Calcium oxide catalysts prepared from golden apple cherry snail shell (Pomacea canaliculata) via two steps-deproteination and calcination-were compared: the structure was characterized by XRD and XRF and morphology by SEM. In addition, the effects of reaction time, catalyst loading amount, methanol:oil molar ratio and reaction temperature on the biodiesel yield were measured. The optimum conditions for biodiesel production, 0.8 wt% catalyst loading, 12:1 methanol:oil molar ratio, 65 OC reaction and 6 h reaction time, gave a biodiesel up to 95.2%. Moreover, the catalyst demonstrated high stability, permitting reuse for up to four cycles with biodiesel yield falling by only 4%.

Study on the derived based catalysts from Theobroma cacao pod husks for the conversion of beef tallow blend with waste used vegetable oil for fatty acid ethyl ester synthesis: burnt, submerged fermented, calcination, hybrid design, catalyst refining and reusability

“…This observation was in line with what was earlier reported that catalyst basic strength decreases due to continuous intermediate products monoglyceride and diglyceride resulted as a result of the reaction, which obstructed the catalyst holes. The formation of water to oxygen reaction that occurred at the catalyst surface also reduces the catalyst sensitivity (Trisupakitti et al, 2017;Adepoju et al, 2020a;Adepoju et al, 2020c) [16,24,25].…”

“…In the work of Balajii et al (2020) [13], the heterogeneous catalyst was made from the Banana peduncle, meanwhile, Minakshi et al (2020) [14] used Carica papaya stem as a bio-based catalyst. Further study by Hadiyanto et al (2016) [15] utilized Anadara granosa as a heterogeneous CaO-based catalyst, but, Trisupakitti et al (2019) [16] used golden apple cherry snail as a heterogeneous catalyst to synthesized biodiesel from the vegetable. Falowo et al (2020) [17] developed a new base catalyst from a combination of biomass wastes.…”

Study on the derived based catalysts from Theobroma cacao pod husks for the conversion of beef tallow blend with waste used vegetable oil for fatty acid ethyl ester synthesis: burnt, submerged fermented, calcination, hybrid design, catalyst refining and reusability

“…In the work of Balajii et al [13], the heterogeneous catalyst was made from the Banana peduncle, meanwhile, Minakshi et al [14] used Carica papaya stem as a bio-based catalyst. Further study by Hadiyanto et al [15] utilized Anadara granosa as a heterogeneous CaO-based catalyst, but, Trisupakitti et al [16] used golden apple cherry snail as a heterogeneous catalyst to synthesized biodiesel from the vegetable. Falowo et al [17] developed a new base catalyst from a combination of biomass wastes.…”

“…This observation was in line with what was earlier reported that catalyst basic strength decreases due to continuous intermediate products monoglycerideand diglyceride resulted as a result of the reaction, which obstructed the catalyst holes. The formation of water to oxygen reaction that occurred at the catalyst surface also reduces the catalyst sensitivity[16,24,25].…”

Study of the derived based catalysts from Theobroma cacao pod husks for the conversion of Beef Tallow blend with Waste used vegetable oil for fatty acid ethyl ester synthesis: Burnt, Submerged fermented, Calcination, Hybrid Design, Catalyst refining and reusability

“…In the work of Balajii et al (2020) [13], the heterogeneous catalyst was made from the Banana peduncle, meanwhile, Minakshi et al (2020) [14] used Carica papaya stem as a bio-based catalyst. Further study by Hadiyanto et al (2016) [15] utilized Anadara granosa as a heterogeneous CaO-based catalyst, but, Trisupakitti et al (2019) [16] used golden apple cherry snail as a heterogeneous catalyst to synthesized biodiesel from the vegetable. Falowo et al (2020) [17] developed a novel mesoporous base catalyst synthesis from a mixture of three agro-wastes.…”