Formation of Dioxins and Furans During Municipal Solid Waste Gasification

Lopes, Evandro José; Okamura, Layssa Aline; Yamamoto, Carlos Itsuo

doi:10.1590/0104-6632.20150321s00003163

Cited by 40 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Dioxins are formed during the cooling cycles of the flue gas in combustion systems. This formation process goes via one of the two mechanisms mentioned above [21,35]. The main mechanism of dioxin formation in combustion systems appears to be de novo synthesis where morphology of the carbon from deteriorated graphical configuration is critical for dioxin formation.…”

Section: Mechanism Of Pcdd/f Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These conditions are: low combustion temperature, poor turbulence in the combustion chamber, short residence time in the combustion zone, low O2 content resulting in deficient combustion, sluggish flue gas cooling process in the critical temperature range [23]. Moreover, existence of metals (Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn) [35] in fly ash catalytically increase formation of PCDD/F. Also in presence of these metals, PCDD/F can react with chloride and unburned carbon and contribute to the so-called de novo synthesis of PCDD/F [35][36][37].…”

Section: Mechanism Of Pcdd/f Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, existence of metals (Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn) [35] in fly ash catalytically increase formation of PCDD/F. Also in presence of these metals, PCDD/F can react with chloride and unburned carbon and contribute to the so-called de novo synthesis of PCDD/F [35][36][37].…”

Section: Mechanism Of Pcdd/f Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Incinerators emit PCDD/Fs and their concentration often exceeds the legal limit, which calls for a different technology for waste treatment. Gasification processes usually emit PCDD/Fs within acceptable limits as determined by national and international organizations [35]. The amount of pollutants in producer gas can be lower than that of the flue gas of an incinerator [46], and it is because of partial oxidation of waste with limited oxygen supply [47].…”

Section: Dioxin Formation In Gasificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Dioxin and Furan Emissions from Gasification

Safavi¹,

Richter²,

Unnþórsson³

2021

Gasification [Working Title]

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PCDD/Fs are a 75-member family of toxic chemicals that include congeners (members) that have serious health effects including congeners that are classified group 1 carcinogens, endocrine disruptors and weakening or damage to the immune system. Municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerations had historically been implicated as the major source of PCDD/Fs distributed by air. As a result of awareness and legislation most European MSW incinerators were either shut down or equipped with modern air pollution control systems necessary to achieve MSW incineration with PCDD/F emissions within regulatory limits set by national and international laws (typically <0.1 ng TEQ/Nm3). There is a common belief that gasification of waste and/or biomass, unlike incineration, inherently and always achieve emission below regulatory and detectable limits. However, a review of the literature suggests that the belief that the substitution of incineration with gasification would always, or necessarily, reduce PCDD/Fs emissions to acceptable levels is overly simplistic. This chapter discusses the mechanisms of PCDD/Fs formation, the operational measures and parameter ranges that can be controlled during gasification to minimize PCDD/Fs formation, and methods for post-formation PCDD/F removal are reviewed. The purpose of this chapter is to assist researchers and practitioners in formulating waste management policies and strategies, and in conducting relevant research and environmental impact studies.

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Section: Mechanism Of Pcdd/f Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mechanism Of Pcdd/f Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mechanism Of Pcdd/f Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Dioxin Formation In Gasificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Dioxin and Furan Emissions from Gasification

Safavi¹,

Richter²,

Unnþórsson³

2021

Gasification [Working Title]

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“…Regardless of their energetic performance, most of these treatments, as combustion and incineration, show environmental damages such as dioxin and furans formation, heavy metals, besides ash and flue gases. These require further treatment units, turning the overall process more expensive and demanding [4,[15][16][17]. To respond to these issues, plasma gasification depicts a highly viable alternative, once waste decomposition takes place at severely higher temperatures directly avoiding most of the hazardous emissions, as well as enhancing conversion efficiency [18,19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste by Two-Stage Plasma Gasification

2019

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Plasma gasification is a thermal treatment successfully applied to waste streams, especially for solid residues. It sets an upgrade to more common waste-to-energy (WtE) techniques as incineration or gasification, granting lower levels of pollutant emissions, less landfilled materials and higher conversion efficiencies and producer gas quality. A life cycle assessment (LCA) of plasma gasification for one ton of a defined stream of solid waste is presented and compared to the hypothetical outcomes of incineration, highlighting the need to implement such sustainable techniques rather than more polluting ones. CML 2001 methodology was applied, enabling the evaluation of eleven impact categories, all of them depicting avoided burdens for the environment. Enhanced efficiency and cleanliness were seen due to the plasma step and to the replacement of part of the electrical grid mix by the produced electricity. Plasma gasification presented an overall better performance than incineration, portraying savings in energy and material resources as well as lower emissions to freshwater. Additionally, lower amounts of air contaminants were seen as well as almost triple of the produced electricity.

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A review on converting plastic wastes into clean hydrogen via gasification for better sustainability

Midilli

Küçük

Haciosmanoglu

et al. 2021

Intl J of Energy Research

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Summary This review paper focuses on converting plastic wastes into clean hydrogen via gasification for better sustainability. In this regard, various aspects of hydrogen production from plastic wastes are discussed and comparatively evaluated, including the state‐of‐the‐art and comparative evaluation, environmental and economical dimensions, global warming aspects, policies and strategies, a case study including energetic and exergetic performance evaluations, challenges and opportunities, and future directions possibly in the area. Additionally, this paper outlines what contributions it makes to the current literature about hydrogen production from plastic wastes by using gasification technologies. Moreover, this paper provides a detailed case study indicating exergetic sustainability aspects for hydrogen production from plastic wastes by applying plasma gasification whose data are taken from the literature. As a result of this case study, some exergetic sustainability indicators are studied for evaluation and comparison purposes. The exergetic sustainability index is found to be decreasing from 0.77 to 0.41 with the fact that exergetic efficiency drops from 0.43 to 0.28 while the environmental impact factor rises from 1.29 to 2.41 with the increase of waste exergy ratio from 0.56 to 0.70. Furthermore, plasma co‐gasification can be recommended as an environmentally‐benign solution for clean hydrogen production from plastic wastes. Highlights Plastic wastes is an important source of hydrogen. Gasification can efficiently be deployed for hydrogen production from plastic wastes. In order to evaluate potential gasification techniques, energetic, economic, environmental, and sustainability aspects should be considered. Plasma gasification appears to be more efficient and effective solution over other methods for higher amount of hydrogen production from plastic wastes.

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Formation of Dioxins and Furans During Municipal Solid Waste Gasification

Cited by 40 publications

References 24 publications

Dioxin and Furan Emissions from Gasification

Dioxin and Furan Emissions from Gasification

Environmental Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste by Two-Stage Plasma Gasification

A review on converting plastic wastes into clean hydrogen via gasification for better sustainability

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