Conversion of by-products from the vegetable oil industry into biodiesel and its use in internal combustion engines: a review

Abstract

-Biodiesel produced from by-products and waste materials can be an economical way of reducing traditional oil consumption and environmental problems. The by-products from the vegetable oil refining industry such as soapstock, acid oil and fatty acid distillates are suitable for producing biodiesel. The present work is a survey related to the use of these by-products to obtain biodiesel, covering not only the traditional and most widely used acid/base catalysis, but also solid and enzymatic catalysis. Details of the techniques are presented and compared. The advantages and drawbacks of the different approaches are mentioned and analyzed. The synthesis and use of by-products from the vegetable oil refining industry are covered in this work. The use of the obtained biodiesel in diesel engines is also included, demonstrating the disparity between the number of papers related to biodiesel production and engine performance assessment.

Mitigation Strategies for the Reduction of 2‐ and 3‐MCPD Esters and Glycidyl Esters in the Vegetable Oil Processing Industry

“…The major difference is that during the chemical refining process, free fatty acids (FFAs) are removed chemically by saponification with an alkali solution, which results in the formation of soap. The separated soap stock can be sold for the making of soap or biodiesel (Piloto-Rodriguez, Melo, Goyos-Perez, & Verhelst, 2014). Physical refining removes the FFAs in a later stage during deodorization by means of vacuum steam distillation.…”

Epoxidized vegetable oil and bio‐based materials as PVC plasticizer

“…Traditionally, oleochemicals industry focuses mostly on exploiting synthetic methods such as esterification, transesterification, hydrogenolysis, saponification, and acylation. These methods are applied to the carboxylic group of fatty acids to synthesize major industrial oleochemicals such as biodiesels, fatty acids, glycerol, soaps, and so on …”

Optimización del proyecto de acidulación de soapstock de aceite de soya

“…El soapstock de aceites de oleaginosas es el subproducto primordial de la industria de refino de aceites vegetales (Down, 1998). Este subproducto suele considerarse un excedente de inventario sin utilidad inmediata, pero es de gran valor cuando se logra recuperar y procesar de manera correcta (Woerfel, 1983;Piloto-Rodriguez, 2014).…”