Cross-link density measurement of nitrile rubber vulcanizates using dynamic shear test

Campos, Gustavo Ninho; Coimbra, Ana Carolina Ribeiro; Silva, Arianne A. da; Rocha, Elisson Brum Dutra da; Linhares, Felipe N.; Furtado, Cristina R. G.; Sousa, Atos Alves de

doi:10.1590/0104-1428.20220031

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The [ μ ] P is related to the contribution of the entanglements, constraints, or any other physical effects presents in the rubber. The [ μ ] C is related to the contribution of cross‐link formation during vulcanization 31,32 . In general, the [ μ ] P and [ μ ] C are calculated from elastic moduli, which are affected by the presence of hard fillers in rubber compounds.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The crosslink density [μ] was determined using the RPA 2000 (Alpha Technologies). The test method followed previous publications, 31,32 and is explained in depth in the Supporting Information.…”

Section: Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The [μ] C is related to the contribution of cross-link formation during vulcanization. 31,32 In general, the [μ] P and [μ] C are calculated from elastic moduli, which are affected by the presence of hard fillers in rubber compounds. This filler contributions can be discounted utilizing the Guth-Gold equation, which assumes the filler is a sphere.…”

Section: Vulcanization Properties and The Crosslink Densitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Using carboxyl groups to improve the compatibility of XNBR/lignin composites

Campos,

da Rocha,

Furtado

et al. 2023

Polymer Composites

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The paper and pulp industry produces lignin as a byproduct, which could be a bio‐based reinforcing filler for rubber. Carboxylated nitrile rubber (XNBR) contains carboxyl groups that form ionic bonds with zinc oxide, potentially increasing compatibility with lignin, compared to usual nonpolar rubbers. This study employed the traditional mixing method, two‐roll mill, to incorporate hardwood Kraft lignin without chemical or physical modification as a reinforcing filler in commercial XNBR. A mixture design of experiments was used to explore the effect on rubber/lignin interaction of the carboxyl group content (from 1% to 7% in blends of XNBR) and the amount of lignin (from 0 to 40 phr). Adding 40 phr of lignin increased stress at 100% in XNBR 7% from 1.7 to 6.3 MPa. In XNBR 1%, the increase was from 1.2 to 1.9 MPa. Lignin showed better interaction and dispersion with XNBR 7%, determined from response surface of G′ at high deformations and SEM, respectively. Loss of thermal transition in DMA indicates interaction through ionic groups. These results show that the presence of carboxyl groups enhances the rubber/lignin interaction. This research open possibilities of compatibilization of lignin, offering guidance for future studies and technologies involving lignin in technical applications.Highlights Lignin dispersion increased as the carboxyl group content increased to 7% (w/w). Stress at 100% elongation increased 370% with 40 phr of lignin and 7% carboxyl. Rubber/lignin interaction as per G′ increased with carboxyl groups. Loss of thermal transition suggests lignin/carboxy/zinc oxide interaction. Lignin can be used as a reinforcing filler in nitrile carboxylated rubber.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Vulcanization Properties and The Crosslink Densitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Using carboxyl groups to improve the compatibility of XNBR/lignin composites

Campos,

da Rocha,

Furtado

et al. 2023

Polymer Composites

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Evaluation of vulcanization systems in natural rubber elastomeric tire sidewall compositions with lignin as a stabilizing agent

et al. 2022

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Tailoring the Curing Kinetics of NBR-Based Rubber Compounds for Additive Manufacturing of Rod Seals

Sundermann,

Leineweber,

Klie

et al. 2023

Advances in Polymer Technology

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The additive manufacturing (AM) of elastomeric parts based on high-viscosity reinforced rubbers has increasingly become a topic of scientific research in recent years. In addition to the viscosity, which is several decades higher during processing than the viscosities of thermoplastics, the flowability of the compound after the printing process and the necessary chemical crosslinking of the printed component play a decisive role in producing an elastic, high-quality, and geometrically stable part. After the first technological achievements using the so-called additive manufacturing of elastomers (AME) process, the knowledge gained has to be transferred first to concrete industrial parts. Therefore, in this study, the cure kinetics of a conventional rubber compound are tailored to match the specific requirements for scorch safety in the additive manufacturing of an industrial 2-component rod seal based on an acrylonitrile butadiene rubber O-ring in combination with a thermoplastic polyurethane as the base body. Experimental tests on a test rig for rod seals demonstrate the functionality of this additively manufactured 2-component rod seal.

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Cross-link density measurement of nitrile rubber vulcanizates using dynamic shear test

Cited by 6 publications

References 17 publications

Using carboxyl groups to improve the compatibility of XNBR/lignin composites

Using carboxyl groups to improve the compatibility of XNBR/lignin composites

Evaluation of vulcanization systems in natural rubber elastomeric tire sidewall compositions with lignin as a stabilizing agent

Tailoring the Curing Kinetics of NBR-Based Rubber Compounds for Additive Manufacturing of Rod Seals

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