Citral as food additive for common snook - zootechnical parameters and digestive enzymes

Abstract

Essential oils of plants whose main compound is citral showed beneficial effects when added to fish feed. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the dietary effect of the addition of citral on zootechnical parameters and digestive enzyme activities of Centropomus undecimalis. Juveniles were fed for 45 days with diets containing different amounts of citral (0.0 - control, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mL per kg of diet). The water quality parameters were kept stable during the experiment and no mortality was observed. At the end of the experimental period, the treatment 0.5 mL citral per kg of diet had the lowest weight gain and specific growth rate, and the highest feed conversion, while the same parameters did not differ between the other treatments. Pepsin activity was higher in the stomach of fish fed with 0.5 mL citral per kg of diet and amylase activity was higher in the intestine of fish fed with 0.5 and 2.0 mL citral per kg of diet compared to the control group. Intestinal lipase activity was higher in all groups that were fed with citral compared to the control group. Chymotrypsin and trypsin activities showed no difference between groups. Consequently, dietary addition of citral at any of the levels tested is not recommended for common snook.

Addition of essential oil from lemongrass to the tambaqui ( Colossoma macropomum ) diet: Effects on growth, intestinal enzymes, haematological and metabolic variables, and antimicrobial challenge

“…Nile tilapia fed with essential oil from ginger (Zingiber officinale) (0.50 ml kg diet −1 ) (Chung, Ribeiro, Melo, et al, 2021), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed with essential oil from the sour lemon (Citrus limon) peel (0.40 g kg diet −1 ) (Resketi et al, 2021) and common snook (Centropomus undecimalis) fed with citral (0.50 ml kg diet −1 ) (Michelotti et al, 2020).…”

“…Previous studies have also found that better growth performance in fish is correlated with low essential oil concentrations added to the diet. This was verified in yellowtail tetra ( Astyanax altiparanae ) fed with essential oil from oregano ( Origanum vulgare ) (0.50 g kg diet −1 ), Nile tilapia fed with essential oil from ginger ( Zingiber officinale ) (0.50 ml kg diet −1 ) (Chung, Ribeiro, Melo, et al, 2021), rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) fed with essential oil from the sour lemon ( Citrus limon ) peel (0.40 g kg diet −1 ) (Resketi et al, 2021) and common snook ( Centropomus undecimalis ) fed with citral (0.50 ml kg diet −1 ) (Michelotti et al, 2020).…”

Short communication: Functional assessment of citral dietary supplementation on growth performance, intestinal parameters, and specific activity of the digestive enzymes of Sardinella brasiliensis reared in RAS

“…The isomers were identi ed by mass spectra and Kovats retention index comparison with data from the National Institute of Standards and Technology Mass Spectral Library (NIST). Compounds relative percent was estimated by under peak area integration obtained from the chromatogram according to Michelotti et al (2020).…”

“…Preparation of extracts from the stomach and intestine was performed as described by Michelotti et al (2020). The experimental protocol for analysis of amylase activity in the intestine followed Benfold (1955), and starch hydrolysis was determined according to Park and Johnson (1949).…”

South American fish species suitable for aquaponics: a review

“…Researchers from Mexico reported the production of 800 g snook in 1 year (Sanchez-Zamora et al, 2003). Most of the experiments conducted with snook have been carried out in RAS, and aimed at understanding their reproductive biology (Passini et al 2018;2019), nutrition (Michelotti et al 2020;David et al 2019b), adequate stocking densities (Sanches et al 2011) and optimal water parameters, especially temperature and salinity (Michelotti et al 2018;Mello et al 2015). However, in the field of aquaponics, snooks are still unknown and no reports of their production in these systems were found.…”