Titanium dioxide (TiO2) as a marker to estimate fecal output in sheep

Peres, Mylena Taborda Piquera; Batista, Rafael; Twardowski, Tehane de Souza; Ribeiro, H; Monteiro, Alda Lúcia Gomes

doi:10.1590/0103-8478cr20190190

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 6 publications

(6 reference statements)

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“…The use of an indigestible marker is a practical method for digestibility measurements in a relatively un-controlled environment (12) . Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) has been approved as a colouring agent and feed additive (15) , validated as a digestibility marker for multiple animal species (12,(53)(54)(55)(56)(57)(58)(59) and used extensively in the past. However, recently the safety of TiO 2 as a food additive has been questioned (60,61) , given the body's potential to absorb nanoparticles.…”

Section: Application For Future In-home Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determining the protocol requirements of in-home dog food digestibility testing

et al. 2022

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In-home pet food testing has the benefit of yielding data which is directly applicable to the pet population. Validated and standardised in-home test protocols need to be available and here we investigated key protocol requirements for an in-home canine food digestibility protocol. Participants were recruited via an online survey. After meeting specific inclusion criteria, 60 dogs of various breeds and ages received during 14 consecutive days, a relatively low and high digestible complete dry extruded food containing titanium (Ti) dioxide. Both foods were given for seven days in a cross-over design. Owners collected faeces daily allowing daily faecal Ti concentrations and digestibility of nitrogen (N), dry matter, crude ash, organic matter, crude fat (Cfat), starch and gross energy to be determined. Faecal Ti and digestibility values for all nutrients were not different (P>0.05) from the second day onwards after first consumption for both foods. One day of faecal collection yielded reliable digestibility values with additional collection days not reducing the confidence interval around the mean. Depending on the accepted margin of error, the food and the nutrient of interest, the minimal required sample size was between 9-43 dogs. Variation in digestibility values could in part be explained by a dog’s neuter status (N, crude ash) and age (crude ash, Cfat), but not sex and body size. Future studies should focus on further identifying and controlling sources of variation to improve the in-home digestibility protocol and reduce the number of dogs required.

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Section: Application For Future In-home Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determining the protocol requirements of in-home dog food digestibility testing

et al. 2022

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Effect of marker dosage frequency and spot fecal sampling frequency in the prediction accuracy of fecal output using chromic oxide and titanium dioxide in grazing BON steers

et al. 2021

Trop Anim Health Prod

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Determining the protocol requirements of in-home cat food digestibility testing

et al. 2023

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In-home cat food digestibility testing has the potential to yield data that are highly representative of the pet population for which the food is intended. However, no standardized and validated in-home digestibility test protocols are currently available. Such protocols for in-home testing should address key factors that explain variation in cat food digestibility values and here we investigated the required period of adaptation, fecal collection and sample sizes. Thirty privately-owned indoor housed cats of various breeds (20♀ 10♂, 5.9 ± 3.9 yr, 4.5 ± 1.3 kg) received a relatively low and high digestible complete dry extruded food with the marker titanium (Ti) dioxide. Foods were given in a cross-over design of 2 periods of 8 consecutive days each. Owners collected feces daily for the determination of daily fecal Ti concentrations and digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, and gross energy. Data originating from 26 cats were analyzed as mixed models and broken line regressions to investigate the required adaptation and fecal collection period. Bootstrap sampling was used to assess the impact of increasing the number of fecal collection days and sample size on the precision of the digestibility estimates. Feces were collected on 347 out of 416 study days (16 days/cat; 26 cats), implying the necessity for multiple collection days to account for cats not defecating every day. Cats showed stable fecal marker concentrations from day 2 onwards when fed the low digestible food and from 3 onwards when fed the high digestible food. Digestibility values were stable from day 1, 2 or 3 onwards, depending on the test food and nutrient. Increasing the number of fecal collection days from 1 to 6 days did not result in more precise digestibility estimates, whereas increasing the number of animals from 5 to 25 cats did. For future in-home digestibility tests of cat food, the findings support a minimum of 2 adaptation days and 3 fecal collection days. Appropriate sample sizes depend on the test food, the nutrient of interest, and the acceptable margin of error. The findings of this study support the protocol development for future in-home digestibility testing of cat foods.

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Titanium dioxide (TiO2) as a marker to estimate fecal output in sheep

Cited by 3 publications

References 6 publications

Determining the protocol requirements of in-home dog food digestibility testing

Determining the protocol requirements of in-home dog food digestibility testing

Effect of marker dosage frequency and spot fecal sampling frequency in the prediction accuracy of fecal output using chromic oxide and titanium dioxide in grazing BON steers

Determining the protocol requirements of in-home cat food digestibility testing

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