Levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in whole milk powderand estimated daily intake for a population of children

Abstract

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are chemical contaminants classified as persistent organic pollutants. Although, their use has been banned for several decades, PCBs are still scattered in the environment and; therefore, all living organisms may be exposed to these compounds. Diet, especially fatty foods such as milk, has been recognized as one of the main sources of human exposure to PCBs. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate the residual levels of indicator PCBs in whole milk powder consumed by preschool children in the Municipality of Imbé, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil and to determine the estimated daily intake of these PCBs through this food. Analyses were performed by GC-μECD and the results were confirmed by GC/MS. The PCBs 28, 52 and 153 displayed values below the limit of quantification. The PCBs 138 and 180 showed mean values of 0.073 and 0.157ng.g-1 lipid, respectively. These values were below the reference limits established by the European Community. The estimated total daily intake of PCBs was 0.110ng.g-1 lipid of body weight per day, a value lower than that established by the legislations of Belgium and Norway.

The measurement and health risk assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls in butter samples using the QuEChERS/GC‐MS method

“…Costabeber et al . (2018) measured PCBs in milk powder samples and showed that the mean concentration of the total five PCBs was 0.230 ng/g fat, which was lower than the findings of this study.…”

Detection of indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (I-PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in cow milk from selected areas of Dhaka, Bangladesh and potential human health risks assessment

“…180 showed values below the limit of detection. The PCBs concentrations detected in this study were lower than those reported in other studies [60] , [61] , [62] . Findings from Japan have indicated that intake of PCB-contaminated foods is toxic to mothers [63] .…”

Human Health Risks Surveillance of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Bovine Milk from Alluvial Plain of Punjab, Pakistan

“…PCB-28 are reported to cause developmental neurotoxicity in humans above the ADI (Leijs et al 2019). In two studies conducted in Brazil on I-PCBs, the EDI value of ∑I-PCBs in raw milk was 1.21 ng Kg -1 and in milk powder was found to be 110 ng Kg -1 , both results were lower than the present study values for I-PCBs (Costabeber et al 2018, Heck et al 2007).…”

“…These congeners of DL-PCBs and I-PCBs are detected in higher concentrations in various environmental matrices including food, human uids, and tissues (Lyon 2016), indicating their potential for bioaccumulation and increasing their risk to human health. Concern about environmental levels of PCBs arises as PCBs are categorized as carcinogenic to human beings (Group 1) (IARC 2012) and it has been estimated that high-fat foods, like dairy products especially milk (Costabeber et al 2018, Roveda et al 2006), eggs and animal-based products, contribute 90% of human PCB exposure (EFSA 2018, Fadaei et al 2015, FAO/WHO 2018, Malisch &Kotz 2014), particularly for infants (Sarode et al 2016) and children (Lamarche et al 2016, Larsson et al 2015. In 2018, 838 million tons of milk was produced globally with a signi cant contribution coming from India and Pakistan.…”