The presence of plasmids in Aeromonas hydrophila and its relationship with antimicrobial and heavy metal-resistance profiles

Abstract

Aeromonas hydrophila is a common fish pathogen that causes extensive damage to aquaculture. To develop and implement a more adequate strategy to farm fish, it is crucial to understand the bacterial-resistance levels and their transference dynamics. The objective of this study was to analyze the resistance profile of isolated Aeromonas hydrophila to antimicrobial agents and heavy metals and draw a correlation of the observed profiles with the presence of plasmids. Resistance of the isolated bacteria to antimicrobial agents (oxacilin, gentamicin, tetracycline, and nalidixic acid) and heavy metals (cadmium, lead, copper, and manganese) was verified using the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) standards. The Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Index (MAR Index) was calculated. Plasmids were extracted by using a common methodology described elsewhere. Mann-Whitney Test, implemented in the R environment, was used to determine the correlation between resistance and plasmids presence. A high resistance to almost all antimicrobial agents and heavy metals was observed, except to gentamicin and cadmium. The MAR index results showed resistance to all antimicrobial profiles. Of the isolated bacteria, 14 showed the presence of plasmids. However, no correlation was noted between the resistance profile and the plasmid presence for these isolates, indicating that the genes responsible for resistance to microbial agents and heavy metals are present in the cromossomic DNA, which in turn suggested the possibility of gene transfer between the isolated bacteria. The resistance to heavy metals can be linked to heavy utilization of fertilizers along the Sao Francisco River.

Antibiotic and heavy metal resistance genes inAeromonasspp. isolated from marketed Manila Clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) in Korea

“…Seafood diets have been significantly associated with high blood mercury (Hg) level in Korea and other Asian countries (Eom et al ). Furthermore, in most resistant strains, this resistance is mediated via the plasmids or extrachromosomal genetic elements (Freitas et al ).…”

Frequency of pathogens in routine bacteriological diagnosis in fish and their antimicrobial resistance

“…Plesiomonas shigelloides, Aeromonas spp., and Edwardsiella spp. represent more than half (22/total) of these MDR bacteria, and are known for their ability to obtain, carry, and transfer plasmids with antimicrobial resistance genes, which makes their presence in aquatic environments a risk to public health (Abdelhamed et al, 2018;Freitas et al, 2018;Martins et al, 2019). Remarkable findings of the AMR analysis include the presence of Edwardsiella spp.…”