A retrospective study on the diagnosis of clostridial myonecrosis in ruminants in Brazil

Pires, Prhiscylla Sadanã; Ecco, Roselene; Silva, Rodrigo; Araújo, Marina Rios de; Salvarani, Felipe Masiero; Heneine, Luíz Guilherme Dias; Júnior, Carlos Augusto de Oliveira; Lobato, Francisco Carlos Faria

doi:10.1590/0103-8478cr20160492

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…(14). Interestingly, this agent has also been recently reported in cases of gas gangrene in cattle (13). Lastly, Khan et al (7) reported a greater prevalence of pathogenic C. perfringens type A in goat kids than types B and D.…”

Section: Overcrowdingmentioning

confidence: 85%

Outbreak of abomasal bloat in goat kidsdue to Clostridium ventriculi and Clostridium perfringens type A

Balario¹,

Gonçalves²,

Leal³

et al. 2022

BJVP

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We described an outbreak of abomasal bloat in goat kids. Increased mortality with a history of abdominal bloating, dullness, and death was reported. Postmortem exanimation revealed dehydration, pale mucosa, ascites, abomasal tympanism and intestinal meteorism and congestion, and emphysematous abomasitis. Cytological evaluation from abomasum revealed gram-positive bacteria with a cuboid shape suggestive of Clostridium ventriculi, gram-positive bacilli suggestive of Clostridium perfringens, and ovoid basophilic yeasts. C. ventriculi and C. perfringens type A were confirmed by anaerobic culture and molecular tests. Histopathological findings revealed emphysematous abomasitis, necrosis of the gastric and intestinal walls, gastroenteritis, and intestinal thromboembolism. The possible associated factor was erroneous use of the milk replacer associated with inadequate kid management. Finally, the prophylactic measures suggested such as hygiene care, proper use of milk replacer, clostridial vaccination plan, and a good colostrum management were able to control the outbreak.

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Section: Overcrowdingmentioning

confidence: 85%

Outbreak of abomasal bloat in goat kidsdue to Clostridium ventriculi and Clostridium perfringens type A

Balario¹,

Gonçalves²,

Leal³

et al. 2022

BJVP

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“…Thus, this is the first report of gas gangrene by C. perfringens in horses in Brazil. It is interesting to note that, despite the novelty in equines in Brazil, a recent study has revealed C. perfringens as one of the main agents involved in gas gangrene in ruminants in the country, suggesting that the importance of this agent may have been underestimated in different domestic species [5].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Malignant Edema in Horse by Clostridium perfringens Type A

Ferreira

Silva

Lobato

et al. 2020

Acta Scientiae. Vet.

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Background: Malignant edema is one of the terms used to designate severe necrotizing syndromes in soft tissues by Clostridium spp. which are potentially fatal in farm animals. These species are responsible for myonecrosis, belonging to the group of histotoxic clostridia, and may also culminate in toxemia with the worsening of the lesions. These clostridia and their spores require a gateway such as wounds on mucous membranes or skin, which may occur due to shear, tail cut, injuries during delivery, castration or injections by contaminated needles. This report aims to describe the clinical-pathological findings of a case of malignant edema caused by C. perfringens type A in an equine.Case: A female equine, undefined breed, used as traction animal, had a history of abdominal pain. According to the requisitioning veterinary, the tutor reused needles for medication. On palpation, a compact mass was noticed in the pelvic flexure, as well as edema on the region of head and neck with crackling areas. After surgical intervention for compactation correction, the animal did not show anesthetic recovery and was submited to euthanasia. Tissue samples were collected, fixed in 10% buffered formalin solution, routinely processed for histopathology and stained with hematoxylin and eosin and Gram stain. Samples of serous-sanguineous edema fluid and fragments of the abdominal muscles and neck were collected. The samples were kept under refrigeration and sent for microbiological culture. Necropsy showed the subcutaneous region of the pectoral was markedly gelatinous and yellowish (edema) and subcutaneous emphysema characterized by accumulation of serous-sanguineous fluid and gas bubbles. In microscopy, we verified fibrous-haemorrhagic, emphysematous, suppurative and diffuse superficial histiocytic necrotizing cellulitis and myositis. Gram-positive bacillary aggregates were observed in spleen and subcutaneous sections. Colony suggestive of Clostridium perfringens were submitted to PCR for confirmation of identity followed by genotyping. Lastly, C. perfringens type A was isolated from the muscle fragments and serosanguinolent liquid collected.Discussion: In the present study, the diagnosis of malignant edema caused by Clostridium perfringens type A in an equine was confirmed by the clinical-pathological findings added to the isolation and genotyping of the agent from fragments of injured muscle. Although C. perfringens has been reported in cases of clostridial myositis in horses in the United States, in Brazil there are only reports of sporadic cases associated with C. septicum, C. novyi and C. chauvoei in this species. In histotoxic cases by C. perfringens, alpha toxin is known to be the main virulence factor involved, causing destruction of the phospholipid membrane of erythrocytes, endothelial cells, leukocytes and muscle fibers. As consequence, there is an increase in the vascular permeability of capillaries and, with the spread of the infection, there is production of inflammatory edema with serosanguineous exudate and gas. Typically, anatomopathological findings are characterized by increased volume of the affected region associated with edema with bloody fluid and rancid odor, gas bubbles in the subcutaneous tissue, and fasciae associated or not with necrotic myositis. It is assumed that a contaminated needle injection, performed during the treatment of colic symptoms on the property has been the gateway to infection. The clinical course of clostridial infection in horses is considered acute, ranging from 24 to 48 h. In this case, was observed the animal with signs of cervical and pectoral edema still in the property, a day before euthanasia. This is the first study to confirm Clostridium perfringens as a cause of gas gangrene in horses in Brazil.

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“…Spores or vegetative cells reach the intestine, where the bacteria undergo one or more replication cycles, and are subsequently absorbed and distributed via the bloodstream to various tissues, including skeletal and cardiac muscle. 2,14,32,59 In these tissues, spores are phagocytized by macrophages, 41 in the cytoplasm of which they remain latent for months to years, until the oxygen tension decreases. It has been hypothesized that, in addition to a traumatic event, stress associated with movement of animals or excessive exercise can increase cortisol and catecholamine levels, 2,25,58 creating an anaerobic environment for C. chauvoei multiplication and the production of toxins that cause severe myonecrosis, toxemia, and shock.…”

Section: Pathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…

Blackleg is an infectious disease caused by Clostridium chauvoei, a gram-positive, spore-forming rod that affects cattle, and less frequently sheep and other domestic and wild animals. 1,6,20,22,29,35,41,44,45 Although blackleg is a well-recognized disease, its pathogenesis is still not understood completely. 2,58 The current theory is that C. chauvoei spores can survive in the environment for many years and that spores are ingested by grazing animals.

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confidence: 99%

A review of cardiac blackleg in cattle, and report of 2 cases without skeletal muscle involvement in Argentina

et al. 2022

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Blackleg is an infectious disease caused by Clostridium chauvoei. Cardiac blackleg has been reported in ruminants as an uncommon presentation of the disease; its pathogenesis is not understood completely. We include here a literature review of cardiac blackleg and a description of 2 cases in 12–15-mo-old feedlot steers in Argentina. Fourteen of 1,190 steers died suddenly over a period of 10 d. Postmortem examinations were performed on 5 of these animals. Grossly, severe, diffuse, fibrinous pericarditis and pleuritis, multifocal necrohemorrhagic myocarditis, diffuse pulmonary congestion, mild splenomegaly, and moderate congestion of meningeal vessels were observed. No significant gross lesions were observed in the skeletal muscles of any animal. Histology was performed on 2 of the steers. The main microscopic features were necrotizing myocarditis with myriad intralesional gram-positive rods with subterminal spores plus fibrinosuppurative pericarditis and pleuritis. C. chauvoei was detected by immunohistochemistry and PCR in the myocardium of both animals. These findings confirm a diagnosis of cardiac blackleg in these 2 steers and presumptively in the other affected animals.

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A retrospective study on the diagnosis of clostridial myonecrosis in ruminants in Brazil

Abstract: A standardized immunochemistry method for the diagnosis of clostridial myonecrosis was applied to sintomático, edema maligno, bovinos, ovinos, imuno-istoquímica.

Cited by 5 publications

References 14 publications

Outbreak of abomasal bloat in goat kidsdue to Clostridium ventriculi and Clostridium perfringens type A

Outbreak of abomasal bloat in goat kidsdue to Clostridium ventriculi and Clostridium perfringens type A

Malignant Edema in Horse by Clostridium perfringens Type A

A review of cardiac blackleg in cattle, and report of 2 cases without skeletal muscle involvement in Argentina

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