“…Trachymyrmex species (Table S1). Because of the minimal genetic diversity found so far among Clade-A fungi (Figure S1-S4; Bich, Castrillo, Villalba, & Zapata, 2016;Lugo, Crespo, Cafaro, & Jofre, 2013;Mikheyev et al, 2006Mikheyev et al, , 2007Pereira et al, 2015;Silva-Pinhati et al, 2004;Wallace, Asensio, & Tom as, 2014), Clade-A fungi are thought to represent a cohesively evolving lineage (i.e., a single fungal species), confirming the interpretation of Mikheyev et al (2006) that Clade-A fungiculture (i.e., L. gongylophorus fungiculture) is a one-tomany fungus-ant association. Across all higher-attine ants and their known fungi ( Figure S1; Mueller et al, in review), however, fungusant associations are many-to-many because higher-attine ant lineages switch between Clade-A and Clade-B over evolutionary and ecological time (see below), and long-term ant-fungus co-evolution is therefore less specific than currently believed.…”