Differential Molecular Signature of Human Saliva Using ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy for Chronic Kidney Disease Diagnosis

Abstract

The symptoms of chronic kidney disease (CKD) are often not specific or absent in the early stages of this illness. Therefore, there is a demand for developing low cost, non-invasive and highly accurate platforms for CKD diagnostics. We hypothesized that the level of specifics salivary components changes when CKD is emplace, which could be clinically used to discriminate CKD patients from healthy subjects. The present study aimed to compare salivary components between CKD patients and matched control subjects by using attenuated total reflection-Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. The predictive power of salivary components was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Several components were identified, and 4 of them showed different expression (p<0.05) between CKD and control subjects. Thiocyanate (SCN-, 2052 cm-1) and phospholipids/carbohydrates (924 cm-1) vibrational modes using original and second-derivative spectra by ATR-FTIR could potentially be used as salivary biomarkers to differentiate CKD than control subjects. The combination of original and second-derivative spectra by ATR-FTIR of 924 cm-1 vibrational modes could reach 92.8% sensitivity and 85.7% specificity for CKD detection. Despite, the limitation of our investigation, the acquired data indicates that salivary vibrational modes by ATR-FTIR platform should be further explored as an auxiliary diagnostic tool for CKD.

Diagnosis of Chronic Kidney Disease by Three-Dimensional Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Combined with Augmented Reality Medical Technology

“…3D ultrasound volume measurement technology can display multiple levels to display three mutually perpendicular planes that are not in the same plane at the same time. By arbitrarily paralleling and rotating these three planes, an ultrasound image with a stronger stereoscopic effect than two-dimensional ultrasound can be obtained [30], which can more intuitively reflect the morphology of the kidney and at the same time can collect more imaging information [31,32].…”

Salivary molecular spectroscopy: A sustainable, rapid and non-invasive monitoring tool for diabetes mellitus during insulin treatment

“…The air spectra was used as a background in ATR-FTIR analysis. Sample spectra and background was taken with 4 cm -1 of resolution and 32 scans were performed for salivary analysis [52,53].…”

Saliva as a first-line diagnostic tool: A spectral challenge for identification of cancer biomarkers

“…Table 1 lists the most characteristic ATR-FTIR bands together with suggested band assignments for averaged spectra of control (healthy volunteers) and salivary gland tumor patients. The vibrational analysis was based on the latest literature reports and databases on the application of FTIR spectroscopy in biological studies with particular emphasis on saliva analysis [31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48].…”

“…Nonetheless, some of bands in the fingerprint region may overlap. This spectral interval is regarded as a highly diagnostic region in studying various cancer types [33,[35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57]. Band arising at~1078 cm −1 is related to the asymmetric and symmetric PO 2 − stretching from symmetric PO 2 − stretching from inorganic phosphates [58] and phosphate group of phospholipids [48].…”