Salivary Immunoglobulins in Individuals with Common Variable Immunodeficiency

Abstract

Oral manifestations of common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) are rare, have rarely been studied and have given controversial results. There are few data about IgA, IgG, and IgM antibody salivary levels in the literature, and there are few papers about the clinical impact of antibody deficiencies and CVID on the oral health of such patients. The aim of this study was to measure serum and salivary IgA, IgG, and IgM levels in CVID participants and controls, and to associate immunoglobulin levels with caries and periodontal disease. This was a case-control study involving 51 CVID individuals and 50 healthy controls. All participants underwent examination for dental caries and periodontal disease. Blood and whole saliva samples were collected on the same day of the oral examination. Serum IgA, IgM, and IgG levels were measured by turbidimetry and salivary IgA, IgM, and IgG titers were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Incidences of caries and gingivitis were significantly higher in the CVID group than in the control group (p<0.05). Salivary and blood IgA and IgM titers were significantly reduced in the CVID group, but there was no association of salivary immunoglobulin levels with periodontal disease or with caries incidence (p>0.05 for both). Although CVID was associated with increased susceptibility to caries and gingivitis, it was not associated with low salivary levels of IgA and IgM.

Comparison of Oral Findings of Common Variable Immune Deficiency and Nephrotic Syndrome Patients with Hypogammaglobulinemia to Healthy Individuals

“…To sum up, although our study did not prove a relationship between hypogammaglobulinemia and oral health of the patients, careful oral health monitoring is essential for them since they are more susceptible to respiratory infections due to the presence of various respiratory pathogens in the oral cavity [17].…”

“…Salivary IgA has important immune roles for oral cavity. But, the relationship between low IgA and periodontal diseases-dental caries risks is controversial; some studies showed a relationship [15] whereas others did not prove it [17]. Salivary IgA secreted from plasma cells in salivary glands, salivary IgG mainly delivered from serum.…”

Oral manifestations of primary immunodeficiencies

“…В 2016 г. Karin Sá Fernandes и соавт. опубликовали результаты сравнительного исследования уровня слюнных иммуноглобулинов и здоровья полости рта у 51 пациента с ОВИН и 50 пациентов из контрольной группы [19]. Ожидаемо, что частота кариеса и гингивита была выше в группе ОВИН, чем в контрольной группе (p < 0,05), как и индекс КПУ (индекс, основанный на подсчете пораженных, отсутствующих и залеченных зубов, 10,51 против 4,68).…”

Global Distribution of Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) in the Light of the UNDP Human Development Index (HDI): A Preliminary Perspective of a Rare Disease

“…Selenius et al [ 12 ] even found a rate of 5.5 per 100,000 in Finland, and proposed that variation among countries is the result of slow medical progress. “Emerging” and “developing” countries typically report low prevalence rates at <0.5 per 100,000 inhabitants (e.g., [ 2 , 7 , 13 – 15 ]). Moreover, for many small “industrialized” countries, no CVID data are available at all (cf.…”