Viability and Effects on Bacterial Proteins by Oral Rinses with Hypochlorous Acid as Active Ingredient

Abstract

This study investigated the effect of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) rinses and chlorhexidine (CHX) on the bacterial viability of S. mutans, A. israelii, P. gingivalis, A. actinomycetemcomitans, E. corrodens, C. rectus, K. oxytoca, K. pneumoniae and E. cloacae. The percentage of live bacteria was tested by fluorescence method using Live/Dead kit(r) and BacLight (Molecular Probes(r)) and compared between groups by the Kruskal-Wallis and U Mann-Whitney tests with Bonferroni correction (p value<0.012). The effect of HOCl and CHX on total proteins of P. gingivalis and S. mutans was determined by SDS-PAGE. CHX showed a higher efficacy than HOCl against S. mutans, A. israelii, E. corrodens and E. cloacae (p<0.001) while HOCl was more effective than CHX against P. gingivalis, A. actinomycetemcomitans, C. rectus and K. oxytoca (p=0.001). CHX and HOCl had similar efficacy against K. pneumoniae. Proteins of P. gingivalis and S. mutans were affected similarly by HOCl and CHX. HOCl reduced the bacterial viability especially in periodontopathic bacteria, which may support its use in the control of subgingival biofilm in periodontal patients.

Evaluation of substantivity of hypochlorous acid as an antiplaque agent: A randomized controlled trial

“…Gram‐positive bacteria are the primary colonists of the dental biofilm that colonize the dental surface in the first hours of formation. HOCl shows greater effects on Gram‐negative bacteria associated with periodontal diseases such as P. gingival i s and A. actinomycetemcomitans ; clearly, its action on saliva does not exceed CHX, which was more effective than the HOCl mouthwashes at all times of evaluation.…”

“…Our study evaluated hypochlorous acid rinses for plaque control due to its low toxicity, high antimicrobial efficacy, anti‐inflammatory effects and ability to induce cell proliferation, which could favour the reduction in gingivitis. Although there are in vitro effects of HOCl efficacy on Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria that form the dental biofilm, no studies have been performed to evaluate its clinical effectiveness.…”

“…The formulation of CHX 0.2% showed greater substantivity in the biofilm than in salivary flora at 5 and 7 hours, which could be related to a slower growth rate of the micro‐organisms in the biofilm as a possible mechanism for its antiplaque function. The effect of HOCl on the inhibition of initial plaque formation does not depend on substantivity, and other factors, such as its oxidizing action, may exert an effect on the mechanisms of bacterial adhesion …”

“…Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is a non‐antibiotic antimicrobial agent used to prevent infection, reduce inflammation and promote wound healing with minimal adverse effects . Nevertheless, in vitro studies have demonstrated important effects of HOCl on pathogenic micro‐organisms of the oral cavity that are found in the dental biofilm of teeth and dental implants, including Streptococcus mutans , Streptococcus sanguinis , Porphyromonas gingivalis , Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans , Campylobacter rectus and enteric rods …”

The In Vivo Toxicity and Antimicrobial Properties for Electrolyzed Oxidizing (EO) Water-Based Mouthwashes

“…EO water is effective against a wide range of microorganisms and it is used for many applications in medical devices such as root canal irrigation [ 21 ], scar prevention [ 22 ], wound biofilms [ 23 ], and inflammatory skin disorders [ 24 ]. The antiplaque effect [ 25 ] and bacterial viability [ 26 ] of hypochlorous acid mouthwash have been investigated; while the effects of contact time and dose dependent toxicity study have been left neglected.…”