How are pollination and seed dispersal modes in Cerrado related to stratification? Trends in a cerrado sensu stricto woodland in southeastern Brazil, and a comparison with Neotropical forests

Abstract

A comprehensive census of a hectare of cerrado s.s. in southeastern Brazil, a small-tree and scrub woodland physiognomy, allowed the evaluation of whether pollination and dispersal modes are correlated with the stratification of the vegetation and if so, in what way. Generalist pollination, and pollination by small bees, as well as ornithophily and anemophily were more frequent in the lower layers (ground and scrub), while species pollinated by large bees and beetles are more or less equally distributed among the ground, scrub and tree layers. The three nocturnal pollination modes, phalenophily, sphingophily, and chiropterophily indicated a preference for the upper layers (tree and scrub). Zoochory predominated in the tree layer, but autochory increased towards the ground at the expense of anemochory and zoochory. We discuss possible reasons for the height distribution of pollination and seed dispersal modes and compare the situation in Cerrado with other Neotropical forests.

Synopsis of the pelidnotine scarabs (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Rutelinae, Rutelini) and annotated catalog of the species and subspecies

“…and Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville in Brazil) ( Gottsberger and Silberbauer-Gottsberger 2006 ). The extant pelidnotine leaf chafers are entirely distributed in the New World and include endemic genera such Pseudogeniates Ohaus (endemic to Argentina) and Homothermon Ohaus (endemic to Paulista center of endemism in Brazil), as well as widespread genera such as Pelidnota MacLeay (distributed from Canada to central Argentina).…”

Annotated catalog and bibliography of the cyclocephaline scarab beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Dynastinae, Cyclocephalini)

“…Mannerheim 1829 , Burmeister 1847 , Harold 1869b , Casey 1915 , Luederwaldt 1916 , Höhne 1923b , Arrow 1937b , Blackwelder 1944 , Martínez 1975b , Pike et al 1976 , Dechambre 1980 , Endrődi 1963 , 1964 , 1966 , 1985a , Ramírez 1992 , Lunau 2002 , Restrepo et al 2003, Gottsberger and Silberbauer-Gottsberger 1988 , 2006 , Silberbauer-Gottsberger et al 2001 , 2003 , Cavalcante et al 2009 , Krajcik 2005 , 2012 , Maia et al 2012 , Breeschoten et al 2013 , Paulino-Neto 2014 , Gasca-Álvarez and Deloya 2016 , Gottsberger 1986 , 1988 , 1989 , 1992 , 1999 , 2016 , Costa et al 2017 .…”

“… Burmeister 1847 , Arrow 1937b , Blackwelder 1944 , Guimarães 1944 , Pike et al 1976 , Endrődi 1966 , 1969b , 1985a , Krajcik 2005 , 2012 , Gottsberger and Silberbauer-Gottsberger 2006 , Gottsberger et al 2012 , Breeschoten et al 2013 , Maia et al 2014 , Gottsberger 1986 , 1989 , 1992 , 2016 .…”

“… Höhne 1923b , Arrow 1937b , Blackwelder 1944 , Martínez 1968b , Pike et al 1976 , Endrődi 1964 , 1966 , 1985a , Scariot et al 1991 , Andreazze and Fonseca 1998 , Gottsberger and Silberbauer-Gottsberger 2006 , Krajcik 2005 , 2012 , Breeschoten et al 2013 , Ratcliffe et al 2015 .…”

Mecanismos e estratégias de defesa em Tetragonisca angustula (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

“…Seus representantes são encontrados em regiões tropicais e subtropicais, até 30° de latitude norte e sul (Sakagami 1982, Roubik 1989, Camargo 2002. No cerrado cerca de 60% a 75% das espécies vegetais são polinizadas por meliponíneos (Gottsberger & Silberbauer-Gottsberger 1998), tendo grande importância na polinização de espécies nativas e manutenção do ecossistema (Kerr et al 1996).…”