“…For restoration of tropical grasslands, knowledge is slowly increasing about the transfer (Le Stradic, Buisson & Fernandes, 2014a;Le Stradic et al, 2016;Pilon et al, 2018) and propagation of old-growth grassland species Oliveira et al, 2012;Le Stradic et al, 2014b;Gomes et al, 2018), yet for most ecosystems such information remains scarce or non-existent, particularly for herbaceous species (Fernandes, 2016). Complicating matters, emerging research on species of the Cerrado, Katanga copper outcrops (Central Africa), and Queensland (Australia), suggests that many graminoids -a functional group that is critical to ecosystem flammability and livestock forage -produce few seeds, much of which is of low quality (Silcock & Scattini, 2007;Boisson et al, 2015;Le Stradic et al, 2015;Kolb et al, 2016;Dayrell et al, 2017). As such, the opportunities for reintroduction and propagation via seed sowing, soil transfer, and hay transfer, are often extremely limited (Le Stradic et al, 2014a; but see Le Stradic et al, 2014b;Sampaio et al, 2015;Gomes et al, 2018;Pilon et al, 2018).…”