Estado, Estado-Nação E Formas De Intermediação Política

Abstract

A história do surgimento do Estado moderno e da formação do estado-nação é uma história de grandes lutas polí-ticas que deixam claro como as nações veem seu Estado -como seu instrumento fundamental de defesa de seus próprios interesses 1 . Não obstante, nós sabemos que essa visão do Estado está longe de corresponder à realidade histórica. O Estado, suas leis e suas políticas, são sempre a expressão do poder presente nas formas sociais de intermediação política entre a sociedade e o Estado, mas o poder que encontramos na nação, na sociedade civil e nas coalizões de classe está longe de ser o poder do conjunto dos cidadãos iguais perante a lei. Por isso, no processo histórico do desenvolvimento político ou da democratização, o Estado só se democratiza quando a sociedade também se democratiza, quando as diferenças de poder dos cidadãos devido ao capital, ao conhecimento, e à capacidade * Agradeço os comentários de Kurt von Mettenheim e Renato Janine Ribeiro.

Revisitando o conceito de Desenvolvimento Econômico e a Escola de Pensamento do Desenvolvimentismo na Economia

“…Para Bresser-Pereira (2017b, 2018, o Desenvolvimentismo tem três acepções: i) forma de organização econômica e política do capitalismo; ii) uma ideologia e iii) teoria econômica. Como forma de organização econômica e política, Bresser--Pereira (2017b, 2018 O caráter ideológico do conceito de Desenvolvimentismo é quando o pensamento desenvolvimentista se considera como superior às demais correntes teóricas e quando supõe o nacionalismo econômico. Para Bresser-Pereira (2017b), o Desenvolvimentismo como ideologia pode ser conservador ou progressista.…”

National Developmental State: the beginnings of historical-social procedurality and pioneering essays

“…In the mid-14th century and with effect of the Capitalist Revolution 2 , there was, in Europe, a gradual transition from the rural to the urban way of life, allowing the change from feudalism to capitalism This caused the organizational nuclei of the communities to change little by little Kinship and neighbourhood circles have lost strength, feelings and community activities as well Coexistence, which was previously based on habits, customs and spirituality in the community, began to be structured by convention, State policy and public opinion The economy that was domestic, with production based on agriculture, gradually converted to a mercantilist, industrial model with rational and scientific planning (Tönnies, 1947) The commercial exchanges and the advance of capitalism, especially from the 18th century with the advent of the Enlightenment and Modernism, caused the weakening of the ties permeated by consanguinity, customs, affections, and tradition Consequently, relationships mediated by reason, calculation and interest such as labour, entrepreneurial and individual emerged more and more Community activities, kinship, and neighbourhood circles lost their protagonist with the advance of capitalism and the development of cities Legislation, science, mercantile commerce, industrial production and the existence of the State are associated with the advent of society to the detriment of communal organization According to Tönnies (1947), societies are structured by societal relations of individuals who are self-conscious of their interests and who coexist within a mercantile sociability oriented, in large part, by calculation, trafficking and contract For Durkheim (1960), society is an organic whole where individuals connect through interdependent social relationships, composing the collective whole and participating in different beliefs The legitimate contract among individuals established civil society and allowed the emergence of the modern State Historically, the emergence of the modern State can be marked by the consolidation of City-States governed as republics in northern Italy in the 14th century 3 The Capitalist Revolution, which emerged at that time, made territorial spaces increas-2 The article understands the Capitalist Revolution as the long period of time that allowed the change from the feudal system to capitalism It began in northern Italy from the 14th century and completed in Great Britain with the formation of the Nation State and the Industrial Revolution at the end of the 18th century (Bresser-Pereira, 2017b) ingly follow commercial legislation, rejecting the old traditional , religious and paternalistic ties that prevailed in the fiefdoms In the City-States, financial and commercial operations were carried out, such as foreign exchange, debt settlement, credits, production for export, wholesale sales, etc (Hunt, Sherman, 2005;Bresser-Pereira, 2017b) The need to expand production, regularize financial-commercial operations and the supply of manufactured goods, imposed by the expansion of trade, led merchantcapitalists to progressively assume control over the production process and influence political-social organization The decline of medieval society brought more insecurity to trade and production, which grew significantly, so the merchant-capitalists were forced to encourage the creation of an administrative apparatus separate from society and holder of the legitimate monopoly on force Post-medieval Europe invented the State in the form of absolute monarchies These invested against private ...…”

“…In societies where the Capitalist Revolution was already more advanced, such as Great Britain, France and Belgium; the new emerging financial , commercial and industrial class ordered and conducted the meta-field, in this case the Sovereign State and, subsequently, the Nation State through systems of economic and military alliances In the pioneer countries in the Industrial Revolution, the fraction of the bourgeoisie that accumulated capital -coercive and inductive power -to exercise hegemony and to establish consensus, commanding the other groups by occupying the newly structured meta-field, was the emerging industrial class The State, in these nations, experienced a dimension of stimulating the national manufacturing sector It was the birth of the National-Developmental State (Hunt, Sherman, 2005;Bresser-Pereira, 2017b) The outcrop western Europe's industrial class, essentially from Great Britain, had its historical origin based on the export oriented industrial branches of the 16th century putting-out system (domestic manufacturing systems) According to Hunt and Sherman (2005, p 29), the infant capitalist companies of the putting-out system from the beginning sought to ensure "[ ] monopolistic positions from which they could exclusively exploit the market for their products"…”

Análise de Variáveis Prescritoras da Intenção Empreendedora de Imigrantes Brasileiros em Portugal

“…In addition, the nascent technology of tool production allowed the development of skills for building shelters, making clothes and treating hunted meat (Leopoldi, 2004). With the emergence of the concept of the Modern State (Bresser- Pereira, 2017;Maluf, 2018) in Western Europe (15th century), migration between countries or nations took its shape. Unlike what happened until the middle of the 20th century, when so-called planned migrations were still identified, with the aim of defending the national territory by creating colonial settlements (Vilione, 2017), the movement of people across the globe is currently subject of discussions and controversies.…”