On Open Systems

Abstract

<jats:p>ABSTRACT To many, economics is seen as increasingly divorced from reality. I shall argue that one of the causes of this divorce is the attachment to closed-system theorising, and advocate instead the method of open systems with partial and temporary closures. Definitions of closed and open systems are examined. It is evident that there are many different criteria which may define open systems. Theorists differ in their emphasis on one or other criterion. There are also different dimensions of openness: openness to non-economic factors; the openness of economic theories themselves; the interplay of micro- and macro-economics; and the treatment of time. These are explored, using Keynes’s General Theory as a case study of an open system.</jats:p>

Organicismo e institucionalismo: as decisões humanas a partir de uma proposta de conexão entre as teorias de Keynes e Veblen.

“…Já para Winslow (1986), a análise de Keynes da propensão ao consumo (sua aceitação 11 Ver a centralidade da demanda efetiva no pensamento de Keynes em Davidson (2005). 12 Sobre convenções em Keynes, sugere-se a leitura de Carvalho (2014). 13 Ver capítulo 12 da Teoria Geral, bem como as interpretações de Dow (2014) e Dow e Dow (1985, 2011).…”

Post Keynesyen Makro İktisadın Metodolojik Temelleri Üzerine Bir İnceleme

“…Ekonominin tartışmasız bir şekilde ontolojik açıdan açık bir sistem olduğunu ifade eden Chick (2004) (King, 2002: 197).…”

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“…Por contraposición, un sistema cerrado es un sistema completo y esencialmente inalterable (de ideas, doctrinas, cosas, etc. ), autocontenido, inalterable e inafectado por fuerzas externas, Chick (2004). y sociales son interdependientes y cambiantes en el tiempo 40 .…”

“…VéanseChick (2004),Dow (2002) yLawson (1997Lawson ( y 2003. Un ejemplo ilustrativo de un análisis abierto es el concepto de sociología fiscalde Schumpeter (1954).…”